WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:12.900 TROISE, FRANK L Good evening. I bid you welcome to our museum. We have a rare presentation entitled the History and classification of coffee. Without further ado, here is tonight's offering in the night gallery. 00:00:14.840 --> 00:00:16.090 TROISE, FRANK L Little ice breaker there. 00:00:16.750 --> 00:00:24.890 TROISE, FRANK L Good afternoon and welcome to the history and classification of coffee. I am your host, national import specialist, Frank Troisi. 00:00:27.800 --> 00:00:29.690 TROISE, FRANK L Here we have our mission statement. 00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:37.070 TROISE, FRANK L Here we have slide one of our disclaimer and slide 2. 00:00:41.370 --> 00:01:02.550 TROISE, FRANK L Many people on the street who recognize me in New York City ask me often how can I obtain a binding ruling, and I tell them importers may wish to obtain a binding ruling on the CBP regs, 19 CRF, part 177, or they may wish to obtain advice from an expert from a licensed customs broker, attorney, or consultant. 00:01:03.330 --> 00:01:07.060 TROISE, FRANK L Electronic requests for binding rulings maybe submit an online. 00:01:08.360 --> 00:01:12.330 TROISE, FRANK L At the e-mail at the website link above. 00:01:16.900 --> 00:01:32.650 TROISE, FRANK L Please note that questions will not be taken during this webinar. However, they can be sent to me afterwards or during via e-mail at frank.l.troisi@cbp.com. 00:01:34.990 --> 00:01:35.860 TROISE, FRANK L Part one. 00:01:36.560 --> 00:01:38.290 TROISE, FRANK L The history of coffee. 00:01:41.030 --> 00:02:11.700 TROISE, FRANK L Use traditionally by nomadic mountain warriors of the Gallic tribe in Ethiopia, with the planters, indigenous coffee was first eaten as a food sometime between 575 and 8:50 CE, long before it was made into a hot beverage and 1000 to 1300 CE. Originally, coffee beans were crushed into bowls of animal fat and used for quick energy during long tricks and tricks and warfare. Other tribes of Northeast Africa reputedly used the beans. 00:02:12.100 --> 00:02:15.740 TROISE, FRANK L As porridge or drank a wine fermented from its fruit. 00:02:16.490 --> 00:02:32.080 TROISE, FRANK L While the gala and other groups he used, coffee traditionally have their own stories of its origin, the western myths of coffees and corporation into our culture are variously Devine or serendipitous, and are closely related with Islam. 00:02:35.490 --> 00:02:36.740 TROISE, FRANK L One well known legend. 00:02:38.020 --> 00:02:52.730 TROISE, FRANK L Is it has it that coffee was discovered by a young Ethiopian goatherd named Kaldi, who noticed his goats running around one day, but in one another, bleeding excitedly and dancing on their hind legs. 00:02:53.490 --> 00:02:59.580 TROISE, FRANK L He watched the goats chewing off the glossy green leaves and red berries of a tree he'd never seen before. 00:03:00.720 --> 00:03:06.830 TROISE, FRANK L Curiously, he decided to try eating the berries himself, and soon Kali was frolicking with his goats. 00:03:07.690 --> 00:03:13.460 TROISE, FRANK L After the effects of the berries were were off, Kaldi went home and told his father about the magical trees and berries. 00:03:14.550 --> 00:03:20.070 TROISE, FRANK L The word spread about the berries, and soon coffee became an integral part of Ethiopian culture. 00:03:21.590 --> 00:03:45.430 TROISE, FRANK L Early uses valued coffee as in predicament. More than a beverage, although some authorities date coffees first, cultivation back to 575 CE in Yemen it was not until the 10th century that the coffee bean was described in writing first by Arabian philosopher and astronomer raise, then bent by Arabian philosopher and physician Avicenna of Bukhara. 00:03:46.160 --> 00:03:51.560 TROISE, FRANK L Referring to a drink called Bunchum, which many believe to be coffee, have a center Rd. 00:03:52.460 --> 00:04:01.390 TROISE, FRANK L It fortifies the members, it cleans the skin and dries up the humidities that are under it and gives an excellent smell to all the body. 00:04:03.120 --> 00:04:26.490 TROISE, FRANK L By the late 16th century, European travelers to the Middle East had described the drink and their travel journals, noting that it was commonly used as a remedy to relieve a whole litany of maladies, particularly those relating to the stomach, as Islamic law prohibits the use of alcohol. The soothing, cheering effective copy helped it to become an increasingly populous substitute in Islamic countries, particularly Turkey. 00:04:27.390 --> 00:04:49.370 TROISE, FRANK L During the 16th century, most coffee beans were procured from southern Yemen, although a limited amount came from Salon, where the Arabs had apparently been cultivating it from about 1500. Under the expanse of Ottoman Empire of the Middle Ages, coffee increasingly celebrated for more than its medical wonders, continued to grow in popularity and in geographic use. 00:04:50.560 --> 00:05:01.240 TROISE, FRANK L The drink came to be considered as important as bread and water and declared to be nutritive. Refreshing, weary Turkish soldiers and easing the labor pains of women who were also allowed to drink it. 00:05:02.370 --> 00:05:10.570 TROISE, FRANK L In fact, a Turkish law was eventually passed, making it grounds for divorce. No pun intended. If a husband should refuse coffee to his wife. 00:05:11.770 --> 00:05:20.520 TROISE, FRANK L Eventually, the Turkish word Covey gave rise to the English coffee as well as the French cafe and the Italian cafe. 00:05:21.730 --> 00:05:31.110 TROISE, FRANK L By the mid 16th century the drink it becomes so popular that drinkers in Constantinople, Cairo and Mecca form special areas in which to drink it. 00:05:31.890 --> 00:05:33.670 TROISE, FRANK L The world's first coffee houses. 00:05:34.340 --> 00:05:55.580 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee houses became Centers for playing chess and other games discussing the news of the day, singing, dancing, music making and of course drinking coffee, known as the schools of the Culture, these gathering places became popular with all classes and increased the number quickly. The enthusiasm for coffee in this milieu would be startling, even for the most committed. 00:05:56.300 --> 00:05:57.570 TROISE, FRANK L Modern coffee feed. 00:06:00.790 --> 00:06:02.530 TROISE, FRANK L Despite its growing popularity. 00:06:03.580 --> 00:06:06.750 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee remains a moppy a monopoly of the Arab world. 00:06:09.780 --> 00:06:13.740 TROISE, FRANK L And the secrets behind that's cultivation would generally jealously guarded. 00:06:14.680 --> 00:06:17.990 TROISE, FRANK L Foreigners were strictly forbidden from visiting coffee farms. 00:06:19.380 --> 00:06:25.350 TROISE, FRANK L And the beans could be exploited only after boiling or healing to destroy their germination potential. 00:06:26.310 --> 00:06:44.310 TROISE, FRANK L Nonetheless, increased travel by Europeans, coupled with the steady expansion and integration of the Ottoman Empire, slowly eroded the producers capacity to maintain protective walls around this precious commodity. By the early 17th century, monopolistic control inevitably began to crumble. 00:06:45.010 --> 00:06:48.010 TROISE, FRANK L A Pilgrim from India named Baba Budan. 00:06:48.650 --> 00:06:54.750 TROISE, FRANK L Allegedly smuggled out the first German able seas from Mecca to Mysore around 1600. 00:06:55.790 --> 00:07:04.540 TROISE, FRANK L Not long after and 1616, Dutch spy succeeded in smuggling out coffee plants that they eventually cultivated in their colonies in Java. 00:07:05.640 --> 00:07:10.590 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee was now in the hands of enough different interests to make it spread around the world inevitable. 00:07:11.610 --> 00:07:19.640 TROISE, FRANK L Venetian traders, who had a well established commerce with the Levant, had been the first to introduce coffee to Europe in the early 17th century. 00:07:20.780 --> 00:07:27.070 TROISE, FRANK L With coffee imported through the major ports of Venice and Marseille, the first European coffee trade infrastructure took form. 00:07:27.770 --> 00:07:31.970 TROISE, FRANK L In its early days in Italy, Coffee was sold with other drinks like lemonade. 00:07:32.680 --> 00:07:34.340 TROISE, FRANK L And enjoyed by all classes. 00:07:35.860 --> 00:07:51.820 TROISE, FRANK L By the mid 17th century, at least some of the activity had moved into coffee houses. Once in Europe, the news of coffee spread, inspiring enterprising travelers and recent immigrants to establish connections to import the coffee bean. 00:07:52.810 --> 00:08:02.730 TROISE, FRANK L The first English coffee has is opened in 1650 in the University of Oxford, increasingly popular among its natural constituents student students. 00:08:03.370 --> 00:08:11.650 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee houses quickly growing in number, became regular meeting places for what were to become several of England's first social clubs. 00:08:13.310 --> 00:08:18.300 TROISE, FRANK L Two years after the first coffee house opened in Oxford and Romanian man from Smyrna. 00:08:19.020 --> 00:08:33.830 TROISE, FRANK L Named Pasqua, Rosee opened the first coffee house in London, work to London as a servant by a merchant named Daniel Edwards. Rose served coffee each morning to Edward's house. Guests, who grew in number over time, curious about the new drink. 00:08:34.510 --> 00:08:42.920 TROISE, FRANK L The practice drew in so many visitors that rose finally financed by Edwards, eventually opened the coffee house in Saint Michael's Alley at Cornhill. 00:08:43.600 --> 00:08:46.600 TROISE, FRANK L And the idea took off in the years that follow. 00:08:47.340 --> 00:08:57.910 TROISE, FRANK L The explosive growth of coffee houses serve to firmly establish the beverage in England. By 1715, there were as many as 2000 coffee houses in London alone. 00:08:59.210 --> 00:09:09.630 TROISE, FRANK L In England, doctors were some of the early, staunch proponents of coffee, promoting the beverage for its healing abilities. Some even considered it as an effective remedy against the plague. 00:09:10.410 --> 00:09:22.560 TROISE, FRANK L Public knowledge of coffees pharmacological qualities greatly facilitated acceptance of the new drink and made the frequent thing of coffee houses seem almost virtuous. In contrast to the alternative Taverns. 00:09:23.350 --> 00:09:41.740 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee, in fact, was thought to remedy drunkenness and idea that strongly appealed to contemporary Puritan ideals, to Puritans of the time, coffee was widely viewed as an answer to the rather widespread problem of public drunkenness as a result of the fact that beer was consumed with almost every meal. 00:09:42.590 --> 00:09:49.870 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee was also viewed by some as a healing solution to a more serious but still common addiction, opium. 00:09:51.510 --> 00:09:55.470 TROISE, FRANK L Crowded with people from all walks of life discussing politics and cultural matters. 00:09:56.960 --> 00:10:00.110 TROISE, FRANK L Puffy houses became Centers for urban social life. 00:10:00.800 --> 00:10:01.740 TROISE, FRANK L The drink itself. 00:10:02.400 --> 00:10:05.750 TROISE, FRANK L Fueling political discussion and often social people. 00:10:06.880 --> 00:10:17.690 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee houses evolved as early prototypes for the first social clubs and all other social institutions created by the emerging third estate for their own organization and expression. 00:10:19.770 --> 00:10:26.440 TROISE, FRANK L Lloyds of London also evolved from a coffee house, one that primarily served seafarers and merchants. 00:10:28.100 --> 00:10:38.780 TROISE, FRANK L And this late 17th century coffee house, Edward Lloyd established a list dealing what ships were carrying their scheduled schedules and their insurance needs. 00:10:39.650 --> 00:10:45.290 TROISE, FRANK L Underwriters came to his coffee house to sell shipping insurance and merchants came to keep track of the ships. 00:10:46.170 --> 00:10:51.400 TROISE, FRANK L From this tradition emerged, Lloyds of London today, one of the largest insurance firms in the world. 00:10:52.350 --> 00:10:58.540 TROISE, FRANK L Attended at this institution are still called waiters as they were in the former Coffee House 3 centuries ago. 00:10:59.940 --> 00:11:03.340 TROISE, FRANK L Another echo of this area in today's society is the tip. 00:11:04.070 --> 00:11:11.680 TROISE, FRANK L Tipping is thought to have originated at least a name from a tradition that began in 17th century English coffee houses and Taverns. 00:11:12.480 --> 00:11:27.450 TROISE, FRANK L These establishments often hung a small breast bound box inscribed two insure promptness abbreviated T IP into which patrons dropped extra coins to encourage speedy service. 00:11:29.930 --> 00:11:38.120 TROISE, FRANK L If the English was swayed by the medical virtues of coffee and the social abilities of the myriad coffee houses, Parisians were finally won over for the sake of fashion. 00:11:38.940 --> 00:11:52.900 TROISE, FRANK L Already a favorite in Marseille, the drink only became popular at the court of Louis the 14th and was apparently single handedly responsible for the French allowing coffee to take its place alongside wine as part of their daily liquid intake. 00:11:53.990 --> 00:12:12.060 TROISE, FRANK L Like the French, the Austrians also acquired the coffee habit from the Ottomans, but under very different circumstances. Although the Viennese had been introduced to the drink about two decades earlier, the city did not open its first coffee house until 1683, following the procurement of a rather unexpected coffee supply. 00:12:12.740 --> 00:12:17.670 TROISE, FRANK L In that year, when the Turks were defeated in battle outside of Vienna, they abandoned their supplies. 00:12:18.380 --> 00:12:28.870 TROISE, FRANK L These apparently included several thousand head of livestock and camels, as well as several 1000 sacks of exotic foods from the Middle East, several hundred of which turned out to contain coffee. 00:12:29.570 --> 00:12:40.570 TROISE, FRANK L While some speculated that the beans might be animal feed, a pole named Kolchinsky was familiar with them from his travels to the Middle East, and he opened Viennas first coffee house. 00:12:42.090 --> 00:12:57.160 TROISE, FRANK L In Germany, travelers Sacha's Row Wolf had described coffee from journeys in the Middle East dating back to the late 1500s. But the first coffee houses did not open until about 1/2 about a century later, around 1680 in Hamburg. 00:12:58.200 --> 00:13:03.410 TROISE, FRANK L Once introduced, coffee has a spread quickly throughout dramatic lands. However, it took about. 00:13:04.210 --> 00:13:13.460 TROISE, FRANK L The latter half of the 18th century for coffee to enter German homes and gradually replace warm beer and flour soup at the breakfast table. 00:13:14.300 --> 00:13:31.990 TROISE, FRANK L This slow acceptance there was due in part to a general distrust of things considered ungerman, a longstanding national fund is for their locally produced beer and ongoing prohibition prohibitions, taxes and libel, specifically directed against coffee. 00:13:33.600 --> 00:13:39.730 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee production assumed that significant role in early colonialism, as most of the colonial powers became players. 00:13:40.400 --> 00:13:53.530 TROISE, FRANK L The Dutch cultivated coffee in Salon, Java, Sumatra, Timor and later, Dutch Guiana. The English grew coffee in the Caribbean and later in Salon, now Sri Lanka, and in India. 00:13:54.360 --> 00:14:10.790 TROISE, FRANK L The French plant, the coffee and the Caribbean South America and later in its colonies in Africa, the Portuguese produced coffee in Brazil, parts of Indonesia and eventually in their economies in Africa. The Dutch were the first to look toward colonial land, with the intent of cultivating coffee. 00:14:11.490 --> 00:14:16.900 TROISE, FRANK L In the late 18th century, French Haiti had become the world's leading coffee exporter. 00:14:20.830 --> 00:14:52.650 TROISE, FRANK L Although Captain John Smith, founder of the Jamestown Colony, was apparently familiar with coffee from his early travels in Turkey, no mention of coffee was found in his records of his earliest North American colonial days. And curiously, although the Dutch were already growing coffee, by the time new ants Adam, early New York was settled in 1624, they did not appear to have brought any to the settlement. The year 1668 marks the earliest reference to coffee in North America, but by the end of the century, coffee has his head appeared in all the major cities. 00:14:53.050 --> 00:15:07.760 TROISE, FRANK L The first license to sell coffee and the American colonies was issued in 1670 to Dorothy Jones and Boston as in European cities, American coffee houses quickly became Centers for social, political, and business interaction. 00:15:09.260 --> 00:15:30.550 TROISE, FRANK L The very first coffee house in New York, the King's arms was built and opened by John Hutchins in 1696. On a lot he bought on Broadway near the Trinity Churchyard. The bottom floor of the coffee house was used for eating and coffee drinking, while the 2nd floor was used for meetings of merchants, colonial magistrates and public or private business. 00:15:31.270 --> 00:15:34.800 TROISE, FRANK L This coffee house remained the only one in the city for many years. 00:15:36.600 --> 00:15:39.070 TROISE, FRANK L Located in New York's growing financial district. 00:15:40.090 --> 00:16:01.130 TROISE, FRANK L Merchants Coffee House opened in 1737 on the corner of the present wool and water streets. This coffee house became an important incentive for meetings and commerce. The Chamber of Commerce conducted sessions in the coffee houses, long room, and, like Edward Lloyd, the proprietor eventually kept the marine list, announcing the names of arriving and departing vessels from the port. 00:16:01.800 --> 00:16:06.890 TROISE, FRANK L The proprietor also organized a register of citizens that may have been the first city directory. 00:16:08.400 --> 00:16:15.950 TROISE, FRANK L Before it was destroyed in a fire in 1804, Merchants Coffee House hosted a long list of momentous event events. 00:16:16.630 --> 00:16:39.660 TROISE, FRANK L Including the 1765 order to citizens to stop rioting over the newly imposed Stamp Act, the mass meetings after the battles at Lexington and Concord, the birth place in 1784 of the first Bank of New York, the city's first financial institution, and in 1790, the first public sale of stocks by sworn stockbrokers. 00:16:40.620 --> 00:16:44.290 TROISE, FRANK L If coffee and tea were apparently both popular during the 17th century. 00:16:44.980 --> 00:16:47.910 TROISE, FRANK L How did coffee emerge as the hot drink of choice in the US? 00:16:50.260 --> 00:17:08.660 TROISE, FRANK L When King George, the third issued the Stamp Act in 1765, angry colonists had protested no taxation without representation, and both the Green Dragon, one of the most famous early Boston coffee houses, and merchants Coffee house in New York, became the scene for planting boycotts of imported English goods. 00:17:09.300 --> 00:17:17.500 TROISE, FRANK L By 1770, increasing political tension about the issue caused the English to lift some of the duties that have been imposed. But the tax on tea remained. 00:17:18.250 --> 00:17:33.920 TROISE, FRANK L In 1773, citizens aboard Boston boarded English ships in the city harbor and through the tea cargoes overboard therein, inspiring a lasting affection for coffee which could be imported easily from French and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean. 00:17:34.590 --> 00:17:40.360 TROISE, FRANK L From that time, drinking coffee was viewed as a patriotic act, and drinking tea was seen as unamerican. 00:17:41.080 --> 00:17:55.610 TROISE, FRANK L Curiously, whereas European colonialism seemed to dictate what coffee was cultivated and drunk, in the case of the United States, it was the end of colonialism, dramatically reflected in the Boston Tea Party that marked its rise to prominence. 00:18:00.080 --> 00:18:01.490 TROISE, FRANK L Basic coffee one-on-one. 00:18:02.430 --> 00:18:27.620 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee is a member of the genus coffee in the family Rubiaceae, but Woody Shrub coffee can reach 32 feet in height, depending on the species and growth conditions and cultivation. However, it's usually pruned to about 8 feet to facilitate harvesting. The genius is found naturally, and the tropical forests of Africa, where it is towered over by gigantic and dense canopies of magnificent trees. 00:18:28.390 --> 00:18:36.460 TROISE, FRANK L The coffee plant is lush with deep green, shiny leaves drooping in rose along the sides of long, thin branches like rows of flags. 00:18:37.190 --> 00:18:42.660 TROISE, FRANK L In flowering season, fragrant clusters of small white flowers bloom out from the bases of these leaves. 00:18:43.320 --> 00:18:47.450 TROISE, FRANK L Following pollination, the the flowers wither and they replaced by fruit. 00:18:48.230 --> 00:18:53.840 TROISE, FRANK L In the case of coffee, a droop, a fleshy fruit sometimes surrounding a hard seed like a cherry. 00:18:54.860 --> 00:19:02.710 TROISE, FRANK L Each cherry usually contains 2 seeds or coffee beans, although occasionally only one seed develops and this is called the pea Berry. 00:19:03.670 --> 00:19:16.260 TROISE, FRANK L Once mature, some one to three years after planning, each tree produced approximately 2000 coffee cherries per year, or about 4000 coffee beans, the equivalent of 1 pound of roasted coffee. 00:19:17.130 --> 00:19:30.720 TROISE, FRANK L These green cherries take from 7 to 11 months to ripen, depending on climate, species and varieties. When ripe, the cherries turn bright red and reach the size of oblong grapes, as seen in the illustration. 00:19:32.140 --> 00:19:38.990 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee bushes in full production sometimes have flowers, green cherries and ripe cherries on them all at once. 00:19:40.440 --> 00:19:52.340 TROISE, FRANK L There are many species within the genus coffee, but the two that make up the bulk of the coffee drunk worldwide, and the two that I mentioned specifically in the United States tariff are called Arabica and robusta. 00:19:53.820 --> 00:20:00.320 TROISE, FRANK L Arabica is the original coffee that started the coffee mania in the Middle Ages and is native to the mountains of Ethiopia. 00:20:01.380 --> 00:20:06.970 TROISE, FRANK L Robusta is much more recently developed and is native to the lowland forest of West Africa. 00:20:07.770 --> 00:20:19.690 TROISE, FRANK L Of course, being native to areas of Africa had not limited the planting and cultural, commercial cultivation of coffee. Coffee grows on Evergreen bushes or trees and flourishes in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. 00:20:20.680 --> 00:20:29.410 TROISE, FRANK L Arabica and robusta species differ in taste, caffeine content, disease resistance and optimum cultivation conditions. 00:20:30.180 --> 00:20:31.260 TROISE, FRANK L Generally speaking. 00:20:31.940 --> 00:20:41.400 TROISE, FRANK L Central and South American countries grow Arabica and West African and Southeast Asian countries grow robusta, although these divisions are not absolute. 00:20:44.080 --> 00:20:47.430 TROISE, FRANK L Part 2. The tariff classification of coffee. 00:20:53.490 --> 00:20:55.680 TROISE, FRANK L The harmonized tariff schedule of the US. 00:20:56.570 --> 00:20:59.930 TROISE, FRANK L Progresses from the least processed product to the most processed item. 00:21:01.330 --> 00:21:19.030 TROISE, FRANK L For example, the first provision for coffee is subheading zero, 901-1100, which provides for coffee. Whether or not roasted or decaffeinated coffee husks and skins, coffee substitutes containing coffee in any proportion, coffee not roasted. 00:21:20.240 --> 00:21:25.190 TROISE, FRANK L So coffee beans that fall into this provision have not been roasted or otherwise cut. 00:21:30.280 --> 00:21:35.390 TROISE, FRANK L The explanatory notes that heading 0901 tell us that the heading includes. 00:21:36.110 --> 00:21:38.970 TROISE, FRANK L Brooke Coffee and all its forms that is in berries. 00:21:39.590 --> 00:21:47.070 TROISE, FRANK L As gathered from the shrub and beans or seeds, complete with their yellowish skins and beans or seeds, stripped of their skins. 00:21:48.370 --> 00:21:53.520 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee, from which the caffeine has been extracted by soaking the raw beans in various solvents. 00:21:55.240 --> 00:21:59.070 TROISE, FRANK L Roasted coffee, with or without caffeine content. Whether or not ground. 00:22:01.100 --> 00:22:03.150 TROISE, FRANK L Huskies and skins of coffee. 00:22:04.030 --> 00:22:08.680 TROISE, FRANK L And finally, coffee substitutes containing coffee in any proportion. 00:22:11.090 --> 00:22:16.940 TROISE, FRANK L The N tell us that the heading excludes coffee wax of heading 1521. 00:22:18.260 --> 00:22:33.010 TROISE, FRANK L Extracts essences and concentrates of coffee, sometimes known as instant coffee and preparations, with the bases of those extracts, essences or concentrates, roasted coffee substitutes not containing coffee from heading 2101. 00:22:33.990 --> 00:22:38.970 TROISE, FRANK L And caffeine, the alkaloid and coffee under heading 2939. 00:22:43.010 --> 00:22:45.530 TROISE, FRANK L First, we're looking at coffee, then is not been roasted. 00:22:46.200 --> 00:22:51.940 TROISE, FRANK L Submitting, oh 901-1100 refers to coffee that is not roasted and not decaffeinated. 00:22:52.800 --> 00:23:02.100 TROISE, FRANK L Arabica coffee. Not roasted, not decaf, but is certified organic, is covered under 0901 eleven 0015. 00:23:02.970 --> 00:23:04.800 TROISE, FRANK L Arabica coffee nut roasted. 00:23:06.760 --> 00:23:15.730 TROISE, FRANK L Not decaf and is not certified organic. Is covered under zero, 901-1100 to five. 00:23:17.720 --> 00:23:24.350 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee that is not Arabica, not roasted, not decaf, and is certified organic, is covered under 09. 00:23:25.120 --> 00:23:26.920 TROISE, FRANK L Eleven 0045. 00:23:28.200 --> 00:23:37.460 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee that is not Arabica, not roasted, not decaf, and is not certified organic, is covered and the 0901 eleven, 0055. 00:23:39.060 --> 00:23:46.730 TROISE, FRANK L Moving to subheading zero, 901-1200. We're looking at coffee that is not rusted and has been to caffeinated. 00:23:47.960 --> 00:23:57.310 TROISE, FRANK L So subheading zero, 901-1200 fifteen refers to coffee that is not roasted but is decaffeinated and is certified organic. 00:23:58.820 --> 00:24:07.840 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee that is roasted is decaffeinated and is not certified organic as covered under zero 901-1200 to five. 00:24:09.450 --> 00:24:19.220 TROISE, FRANK L Note that statistical note one to Chapter 9 tells us that for a list of approved standards for certified organic, to see general Statistic notes 6. 00:24:23.700 --> 00:24:27.170 TROISE, FRANK L Moving on now, we're looking at coffee that has been roasted. 00:24:28.270 --> 00:24:34.310 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading 901-2100 refers to roasted coffee that is not decaffeinated. 00:24:35.290 --> 00:24:42.430 TROISE, FRANK L Now the subheadings have a breakout based on the weight of the container of the coffee and whether or not it's been put up for retail sale. 00:24:44.040 --> 00:24:55.370 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading 0901 twenty 10035 refers to coffee, not decaffeinated. That's in retail containers weighing 2 kilos or less, and a certified organic. 00:24:56.160 --> 00:25:09.420 TROISE, FRANK L Roasted coffee, not decaf. That's in retail containers weighing 2 kilos or less, but is not certified organic, is covered under 0901 twenty 10045. 00:25:10.850 --> 00:25:23.270 TROISE, FRANK L Roasted coffee, not decaf, is not in retail containers weighing 2 kilos or less and is certified organic is covered under 0901 twenty 10055. 00:25:24.150 --> 00:25:38.540 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading zero 920 zero 901-2100, six six refers to roasted coffee, not decaf. It's not in retail containers weighing 2 kilos of less, and it's not certified organic. 00:25:40.050 --> 00:25:46.630 TROISE, FRANK L Finally, in subheading zero, 901-2200 will looking at roasted coffee, that is decaffeinated. 00:25:47.320 --> 00:25:58.570 TROISE, FRANK L Roasted coffee that is decaffeinated and is in retail containers weighing 2 kilos or less and is certified organic falls under 0901 twenty 20035. 00:25:59.500 --> 00:26:11.040 TROISE, FRANK L Roasted coffee that is decaf and is in retail containers weighing 2 kilos or less and is not certified organic is covered under 0901 twenty 20045. 00:26:17.300 --> 00:26:18.630 TROISE, FRANK L Yes. On the same slide. 00:26:21.840 --> 00:26:23.560 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading 0901. 00:26:26.840 --> 00:26:27.410 TROISE, FRANK L Hold on. 00:26:28.990 --> 00:26:30.070 TROISE, FRANK L Now we're on the right line. 00:26:33.660 --> 00:26:37.340 TROISE, FRANK L Twenty 200 sixty refers to roasted coffee that is decaf. 00:26:37.960 --> 00:26:41.120 TROISE, FRANK L And is not in retail containers weighing 2 kilos or less. 00:26:44.350 --> 00:26:50.190 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading 0901 ninety coffee husks and skins are covered under 0901. 00:27:02.210 --> 00:27:07.070 TROISE, FRANK L Hold on a moment. Let's see if I can have fix these technical difficulties. 00:27:09.890 --> 00:27:11.180 TROISE, FRANK L That slide 21. 00:27:14.250 --> 00:27:16.120 TROISE, FRANK L Should now be on slide 22. 00:27:17.820 --> 00:27:19.170 TROISE, FRANK L Now we on slide 22. 00:27:24.580 --> 00:27:26.800 TROISE, FRANK L OK, if we're not, I'm. 00:27:27.720 --> 00:27:28.930 TROISE, FRANK L OK, great. Thank you. 00:27:30.600 --> 00:27:31.130 TROISE, FRANK L Wonderful. 00:27:32.400 --> 00:27:36.950 TROISE, FRANK L Ohh, I'm glad everyone's still awake. I know. I'm trying my hardest too. 00:27:38.720 --> 00:27:41.920 TROISE, FRANK L Heading 2101. Now we move on from. 00:27:44.010 --> 00:27:46.730 TROISE, FRANK L Now we move on from Chapter 9 to heading 21 on one. 00:27:49.750 --> 00:27:54.060 TROISE, FRANK L The explanatory notes to this heading tell us what the heading includes. 00:27:54.850 --> 00:27:58.010 TROISE, FRANK L And includes coffee extracts, essences and concentrates. 00:27:58.840 --> 00:28:01.150 TROISE, FRANK L These may be made from real coffee. 00:28:01.790 --> 00:28:03.730 TROISE, FRANK L Whether or not caffeine has been removed. 00:28:04.540 --> 00:28:09.310 TROISE, FRANK L Or from a mixture of real coffee and coffee substitutes in any proportion. 00:28:10.090 --> 00:28:24.900 TROISE, FRANK L They may be in liquid or powder form, usually highly concentrated. This group includes products known as instant coffee. This is coffee which has been brewed and dehydrated or brewed and then frozen and dried by vacuum. 00:28:26.640 --> 00:28:31.820 TROISE, FRANK L Also includes TV or Mateo extracts, essences and concentrates. 00:28:33.870 --> 00:28:39.380 TROISE, FRANK L These products correspond correspond mutatis mutandis to those referred to in paragraph one. 00:28:41.630 --> 00:28:44.620 TROISE, FRANK L The ends to the heading also include. 00:28:46.640 --> 00:28:48.410 TROISE, FRANK L Getting to that. Thank you. 00:28:49.220 --> 00:28:53.330 TROISE, FRANK L Preparations. And also we're going to try and hold questions for e-mail. 00:28:54.510 --> 00:28:59.490 TROISE, FRANK L Preparations with the basis of the coffee, tea and Mateo extracts essences of concentrates. 00:29:00.570 --> 00:29:02.260 TROISE, FRANK L Of paragraphs one and two above. 00:29:02.970 --> 00:29:17.000 TROISE, FRANK L These are preparations based on extracts as since it is or concentrates of tea, coffee and Mattei and not on coffee, tea and matte themselves and include extracts etcetera with added starches or other carbohydrates. 00:29:17.830 --> 00:29:37.420 TROISE, FRANK L Includes preparations with the basis of coffee, tea, or Mattai. These preparations include interalia coffee pastes consisting of mixtures of ground roasted coffee with vegetable fats, and sometimes other ingredients and tea preparations consisting of a mixture of tea, milk, and sugar. 00:29:40.290 --> 00:29:48.020 TROISE, FRANK L Also included are roasted chicory and other roasted coffee substitutes and extracts as sinces in concentrates thereof. 00:29:48.950 --> 00:29:56.480 TROISE, FRANK L These are all kinds of roasted products and tended to replace. So imitate coffee when infused with hot water or to be added to coffee. 00:29:57.730 --> 00:30:07.580 TROISE, FRANK L These products are sometimes described as coffee prefixed by the name of the basic substance, such as barley, coffee malt, coffee or acorn coffee. 00:30:08.720 --> 00:30:12.670 TROISE, FRANK L Roasted chicory is obtained by roasting the chicory root of heading 1212. 00:30:13.530 --> 00:30:15.370 TROISE, FRANK L It's blackish brown in color. 00:30:16.440 --> 00:30:17.990 TROISE, FRANK L And has a bitter flavor. 00:30:21.850 --> 00:30:52.540 TROISE, FRANK L Other roasted coffee substitutes include those derived from sugar beet, carrots, figs, cereals, especially barley, wheat and rye split peas, Lupin seeds, edible acorns, soya beans, date stones, almonds, dandelion roots. What chestnuts? The heading also includes roasted mold. Soap put up that. It's clearly intended for use as a coffee substitute. These products may be presented in lump. 00:30:52.630 --> 00:30:56.540 TROISE, FRANK L Granular or powder form or as liquid or solid extracts. 00:30:57.430 --> 00:31:05.970 TROISE, FRANK L They may also be mixed either with one another or with other ingredients such as salt or alkaline carbonates, and they may be put up. 00:31:06.730 --> 00:31:08.490 TROISE, FRANK L In various types of containers. 00:31:10.640 --> 00:31:12.350 TROISE, FRANK L What doesn't this heading cover? 00:31:13.070 --> 00:31:19.640 TROISE, FRANK L It does not cover roasted coffee substitutes containing coffee of in any proportion from heading 0901. 00:31:20.390 --> 00:31:24.290 TROISE, FRANK L Doesn't quite cover flavored tea of heading 0902. 00:31:25.090 --> 00:31:28.840 TROISE, FRANK L Doesn't cover caramel of heading 1702. 00:31:29.560 --> 00:31:32.170 TROISE, FRANK L And it doesn't cover products of chapter 22. 00:31:35.810 --> 00:31:52.080 TROISE, FRANK L What kind of products fall under subheading 2101? Eleven here. We're talking about instant coffee, such as ground or freeze dried products available in supermarkets. We'll also other extracts, essences and concentrates of coffee, some of which are used in commercial coffee vending machines. 00:31:53.370 --> 00:31:58.800 TROISE, FRANK L We start with subheading 2101 eleven, which covers extracts, essences and concentrates of coffee. 00:32:00.060 --> 00:32:05.710 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading 2101 eleven 21 refers to instant coffee that's not flavored. 00:32:06.590 --> 00:32:15.640 TROISE, FRANK L Instant coffee. That's not flavored, not decaffeinated, and it's packaged for retail. Sale is covered under 2101 eleven 2126. 00:32:16.690 --> 00:32:25.210 TROISE, FRANK L Instant coffee. Not flavored, not decaffeinated, and not packaged for retail sale is covered under 2101 eleven 2129. 00:32:26.220 --> 00:32:35.850 TROISE, FRANK L Instant coffee, not flavored, is decaffeinated and is packaged for retail sale falls under 2101 eleven, 2131. 00:32:37.200 --> 00:32:47.390 TROISE, FRANK L Instant coffee, not flavored, is decaffeinated and is not packaged for retail. Sale falls under 2101 eleven, 2139. 00:32:48.910 --> 00:32:52.520 TROISE, FRANK L Instant coffee that is flavored and packaged for retail sale. 00:32:53.440 --> 00:32:56.910 TROISE, FRANK L Is on the 2101 eleven 2941. 00:32:57.620 --> 00:33:05.270 TROISE, FRANK L And flavoured instant coffee that is not packaged for retail sale is covered under 2101 eleven 2949. 00:33:07.320 --> 00:33:23.680 TROISE, FRANK L So I'm having 2101 twelve covers preparations with the basis of extracts essences or concentrates or with the basis of coffee subheading 2101 twelve 3200 refers to products that are described in the infamous General Note 15 of the tariff. 00:33:24.920 --> 00:33:34.530 TROISE, FRANK L Blended syrups described an additional US Note 4 to chapter 17 fall under subheadings 2101 twelve 3400 Slash 3800. 00:33:38.080 --> 00:33:41.830 TROISE, FRANK L The next three subheadings provide for preparations with the basis of coffee. 00:33:42.470 --> 00:34:00.160 TROISE, FRANK L These are products to which other ingredients have been added. Sugar and milk or sugar for example, similar to the products classified as preparations of coffee and subheading 21. On 1/12, there are tariff rate quotas for the following two sets of subheadings for preparations with the basis of coffee. 00:34:01.420 --> 00:34:16.190 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading 2101 twenty 4400 Slash 4800 covers articles containing over 65% by dry weight of sugar, as described in additional US Note 2 to chapter 17. 00:34:19.170 --> 00:34:34.200 TROISE, FRANK L Subheading 2101 twenty 5400 Slash 5800 covers articles containing over 10% by dry weight of sugar as described in. Additionally additional Note 3 two Chapter 17. 00:34:35.180 --> 00:34:48.720 TROISE, FRANK L Note that the crota covers articles containing sugar, and that they're referring to the dry weight. This value was found after removing all the moisture from sugar. It is not the percentage by weight of sugar that's found in the finished product. 00:34:50.260 --> 00:34:58.850 TROISE, FRANK L And to close it out, subheading 2101, 2020 90 is an other provision, products that do not meet either quota go here. 00:35:01.220 --> 00:35:07.930 TROISE, FRANK L We've been talking about various sugar quotas. I'll try my best to go over them now. Well thought this can't be considered. 00:35:08.700 --> 00:35:09.750 TROISE, FRANK L A detailed. 00:35:12.440 --> 00:35:27.370 TROISE, FRANK L It's my nation of the quote is additional US Note 2 defines articles containing over 65% by dry weight of sugar as meaning products containing over 65% by dry weight of sugar. 00:35:28.100 --> 00:35:30.130 TROISE, FRANK L Derived from sugar cane or sugar beets. 00:35:30.770 --> 00:35:45.780 TROISE, FRANK L Whether or not mixed with other ingredients capable of being further processed or mixed with similar or other ingredients, and not prepared from marketing to the ultimate consumer and the identical form and package in which imported. 00:35:46.470 --> 00:35:53.740 TROISE, FRANK L So items imported for retail sale are exempt from this quota, even if containing the prescribed amount of sugar. 00:35:57.360 --> 00:36:06.270 TROISE, FRANK L After the over 65% quota, we come to the over 10% quota. This ones a little trickier because it's defined by what it does not cover. 00:36:07.250 --> 00:36:13.100 TROISE, FRANK L It reads for the purposes of this schedule, the term articles containing over 10% by dry weight of sugar. 00:36:13.770 --> 00:36:27.230 TROISE, FRANK L Describe the US Note 3 to chapter 17 means articles containing over 10% by dry weight of sugar derived from sugar cane or sugar beets. Whether or not mixed with other ingredients except. 00:36:29.560 --> 00:36:40.550 TROISE, FRANK L Articles not principally of crystalline structure or not in dry, amorphous form. The foregoing that are prepared for marketing to the ultimate consumer and the identical form and package in which imported. 00:36:43.310 --> 00:36:47.590 TROISE, FRANK L Blended syrups containing sugars derived from sugar cane or sugar beets. 00:36:48.360 --> 00:36:52.310 TROISE, FRANK L Capable of being further processed on mixed with similar or other ingredients. 00:36:53.020 --> 00:36:55.350 TROISE, FRANK L And not prepared for marketing to the consumer. 00:36:56.070 --> 00:37:00.250 TROISE, FRANK L Ultimate consumer excuse me and the identical form and package in which imported. 00:37:02.700 --> 00:37:10.590 TROISE, FRANK L Articles containing over 65% by dry weight of sugar derived from sugar cane or sugar beets. Whether or not mixed with other ingredients. 00:37:11.220 --> 00:37:21.260 TROISE, FRANK L Capable of being further processed to mixed with similar rather ingredients and not prepared for marketing to the ultimate consumer and the identical form and package in which imported. 00:37:24.070 --> 00:37:27.000 TROISE, FRANK L Additional US Note 3 to chapter 17. 00:37:28.410 --> 00:37:30.950 TROISE, FRANK L Mentioned blended syrups, but what are they? 00:37:31.720 --> 00:37:39.470 TROISE, FRANK L Additionally, US Note 4 defines blended syrups as containing sugars derived from sugar cane or sugar beets. 00:37:40.130 --> 00:37:55.430 TROISE, FRANK L Whether or not mixed with other ingredients capable of being further processed or mixed with similar or other ingredients, and not prepared for marketing to the ultimate consumer and the identical form and package in which imported. 00:37:56.340 --> 00:38:01.160 TROISE, FRANK L Therefore, blended syrups intended for retail sale are exempt. 00:38:04.360 --> 00:38:19.130 TROISE, FRANK L Additional US Note 7 says that the aggregate quantity of articles containing over 65% by dry weight of sugar and entered under subheadings 2101 point 1244 is none and no article shall be classified within. 00:38:19.830 --> 00:38:22.990 TROISE, FRANK L In other words, this particular quota is closed. 00:38:24.910 --> 00:38:35.590 TROISE, FRANK L Additional US Note 8 is somewhat different. It pertains to articles containing over 10% by dry weight of sugar as opposed to those containing over 65%. 00:38:36.950 --> 00:38:46.150 TROISE, FRANK L This note gives the figure and metric tons of articles permitted entry during the quota period. The subheading 2101 twelve Fifty four, among others. 00:38:48.570 --> 00:38:57.750 TROISE, FRANK L Coffee drinks. Who doesn't love coffee drinks? Ohh, but where are they classified? Well, they're not products of chapters 9 or 21. 00:38:58.760 --> 00:39:02.010 TROISE, FRANK L And actually they are products of chapter 22 beverages. 00:39:02.660 --> 00:39:10.690 TROISE, FRANK L And they're generally found in subheading twenty 202-1000 or 2202 ninety 90. 00:39:16.690 --> 00:39:20.820 TROISE, FRANK L Some binding rulings for coffee drinks and crust. 00:39:21.770 --> 00:39:25.110 TROISE, FRANK L We have HQ 952178. 00:39:26.080 --> 00:39:39.990 TROISE, FRANK L Dated November 23rd, 1992, which classified or ready to drink coffee, beverage called Sangria coffee drink with milk under subheading 2202 ninety 9090. 00:39:43.580 --> 00:39:53.720 TROISE, FRANK L N 321798 dated October 27th 20 one 2021 classified a ready to drink a bunch of cold brew coffee beverages. 00:39:54.450 --> 00:40:00.040 TROISE, FRANK L Called cappuccino and latte macchiato under 2202 ninety nine 9000. 00:40:01.800 --> 00:40:13.010 TROISE, FRANK L And 305458 dated August 22nd, 2019. Classified ready to drink coffee flavored beverages called mochaccino. 00:40:14.140 --> 00:40:20.790 TROISE, FRANK L Cappuccino and caffe latte, drink under 2202 ninety nine 9000. 00:40:21.940 --> 00:40:27.490 TROISE, FRANK L And finally, and 303174 dated March 14th. 00:40:28.890 --> 00:40:33.020 TROISE, FRANK L 2019 classified a coconut water cold brew coffee. 00:40:35.060 --> 00:40:39.050 TROISE, FRANK L Under heading 2202 ninety nine 9000. 00:40:41.200 --> 00:40:42.910 TROISE, FRANK L Now country of origin marking. 00:40:43.670 --> 00:40:53.040 TROISE, FRANK L The marking statute, section 304 Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 USC 1304. 00:40:53.830 --> 00:41:03.780 TROISE, FRANK L Requires that, unless accepted, every article of foreign origin or its container imported into the US shall be marked with its country of origin. 00:41:05.500 --> 00:41:19.520 TROISE, FRANK L Section 134.41 B. Customs rights, 19 CFR 134.41 B provides that the degree of permanence or of marking should be at least as sufficient. 00:41:20.380 --> 00:41:42.270 TROISE, FRANK L To ensure that in any reasonable foreseeable circumstance, the mocking shall remain on the article or its container until it reaches the ultimate purchaser, unless it is deliberately removed, the marking must survive normal distribution in store handling, the ultimate purchaser must be able to find the marking easily and read it without strain. 00:41:47.580 --> 00:41:54.510 TROISE, FRANK L Aren't you have origin marking in the case of coffee, the marking is considered suitable if the outer bags are marked. 00:42:00.030 --> 00:42:04.640 TROISE, FRANK L Now we have the miscellaneous trade and Technical Corrections Act of 1996. 00:42:05.850 --> 00:42:09.570 TROISE, FRANK L It was signed by the president on October 11th, 1996. 00:42:10.300 --> 00:42:19.070 TROISE, FRANK L And amended the country of origin marking Statute, 19 USC 1304, to exempt imports of roasted and imported coffee. 00:42:19.870 --> 00:42:28.210 TROISE, FRANK L And coffee preparations from the marking requirements of 19 USC 1304, A&B. 00:42:29.530 --> 00:42:36.660 TROISE, FRANK L Neither the imported products nor the containers are required to be marked with the foreign country of origin. 00:42:37.590 --> 00:42:46.770 TROISE, FRANK L Effective for goods entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption on or after October 11th, 1996. 00:42:50.050 --> 00:42:54.720 TROISE, FRANK L Now we have country of origin regarding substantial transformation. 00:42:55.630 --> 00:43:12.800 TROISE, FRANK L Not withstanding, excuse me, the marking, or lack of it, on coffee products, it's still necessary to determine the correct country of origin. If a product undergoes a substantial transformation in the country other than the originating country, the country of origin may be considered as changed. 00:43:14.420 --> 00:43:21.600 TROISE, FRANK L Rule of thumb roasting coffee is considered a substantial transformation while decaffeinating it is not. 00:43:24.370 --> 00:43:26.380 TROISE, FRANK L Some significant coffee. 00:43:27.020 --> 00:43:28.020 TROISE, FRANK L Binding rulings. 00:43:29.140 --> 00:43:31.910 TROISE, FRANK L And 733561. 00:43:34.260 --> 00:43:37.510 TROISE, FRANK L And 733563. 00:43:41.260 --> 00:43:50.570 TROISE, FRANK L Both dated June 24th, 1991 covered country of origin, marking the roasting and blending of coffee and substantial transformation. 00:43:51.780 --> 00:43:54.870 TROISE, FRANK L And 733814. 00:43:55.900 --> 00:43:56.520 TROISE, FRANK L Dated. 00:43:57.850 --> 00:43:58.250 TROISE, FRANK L Umm. 00:43:59.420 --> 00:44:06.750 TROISE, FRANK L 24th 1991 covered Country of origin marking of instant coffee and substantial transformation. 00:44:08.370 --> 00:44:13.560 TROISE, FRANK L And 734034 dated August 2nd, 1991. 00:44:14.460 --> 00:44:17.190 TROISE, FRANK L Covered the country of origin marking of instant coffee. 00:44:18.580 --> 00:44:26.490 TROISE, FRANK L And headquarters ruling 562980, dated April 20th, 2004. 00:44:27.190 --> 00:44:36.430 TROISE, FRANK L Covered country of origin marking and marking exception due to the miscellaneous trade and Technical Act of 1996. 00:44:39.140 --> 00:44:41.050 TROISE, FRANK L Here we have some useful links. 00:44:41.870 --> 00:44:45.700 TROISE, FRANK L For the public and for the employees as well, I suppose. 00:44:46.610 --> 00:44:49.310 TROISE, FRANK L Aluminized tariff schedule website link. 00:44:50.490 --> 00:44:55.890 TROISE, FRANK L The website link for the cross database, the Customs ruling online search system. 00:44:57.400 --> 00:44:59.680 TROISE, FRANK L The website link for the CBP trade. 00:45:01.400 --> 00:45:04.930 TROISE, FRANK L And if you want to find informed compliance publications. 00:45:05.580 --> 00:45:08.610 TROISE, FRANK L Be abbreviated ICP? 00:45:09.660 --> 00:45:10.900 TROISE, FRANK L The link is there also. 00:45:16.210 --> 00:45:17.380 TROISE, FRANK L Now how to reach me? 00:45:18.140 --> 00:45:35.750 TROISE, FRANK L Correspondence to this office regarding this webinar can be sent to me, national import specialist Frank Kruesi at my e-mail address. Frank period. L period Troisi at cbp.dhs.gov. 00:45:36.430 --> 00:45:44.240 TROISE, FRANK L Also, please include national import specialist associates Claudia Lynn and Miriam Destra when sending e-mail to my office. 00:45:45.540 --> 00:45:48.500 TROISE, FRANK L Miss Lynn could be reached at Chengdu dot Lin. 00:45:49.170 --> 00:45:52.410 TROISE, FRANK L Had cbp.dhs.gov. 00:45:53.230 --> 00:46:01.060 TROISE, FRANK L And Miss Destra can be reached at miriam.destra@cbp.dhs.gov. 00:46:02.100 --> 00:46:11.790 TROISE, FRANK L In closing, I'd like to thank my viewers and welcome you to e-mail me with any questions you have concerning this webinar. Please stay safe and be well, everyone.