WEBVTT - https://subtitletools.com

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[ Music ]

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>> So, I want to
introduce Don Roberts,

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who is the program manager for
the Detection Canine Program

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and he's been at S&T
since 2006 and working

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in the space since 2009.

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>> I want to appreciate, you
know, the great turn out.

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You know, we're-- you know,
I've always said that we need--

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we need more smart people
thinking about our hard problems

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in DHS overall, but
especially in the canine world.

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It's wide, diverse.

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You heard about the expansion
of our mission's base

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in the last several years,

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so we're looking for,
you know, good ideas.

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That's what this event is all
about is to hear from you.

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I will say that I'm not
going to take my whole time.

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We're going to have
a whole lot more time

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in the morning for breakout.

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We've got some time
in the afternoon,

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but if you don't get a chance
to talk to us specifically

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and get some follow up
questions specifically to us,

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we on the tables in the breakout
session or a few of the folks

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that you'll see and
speakers have these cards.

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This is the website to follow
up with, you know, for specific.

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If you don't get any
questions in this, is the--

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this is the email address, but
this is the website that has all

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of our, you know, our snapshots,
things that we put out,

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a lot more depth on the
program, and, you know,

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could after the fact
spark some interest.

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But, you know, I'm only going

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to give basically a high-level
overview of the program.

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I'm going to lay
out at the end a bit

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of our research challenges
and, you know,

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you can see by the
agenda we've got some

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of our current performers,
our stakeholders,

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and our customer
set that are going

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to provide a little bit
more detail into some

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of the main efforts
that we're doing

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and hopefully provide some
more insight into, you know,

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the challenges that
they face, you know,

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in these operators,
you know, daily.

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All right.

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So, yeah, the canine
program overview.

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Really our mission, provide
the customer with the tools,

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techniques, and knowledge
to better understand, train,

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and utilize the detection
canine.

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You know, a broad mission space.

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You know, our primary
customers, you know,

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who we serve is the whole

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of the domestic canine
teams and operators.

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Our main focus, as Jay
mentioned a bit, you know,

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with our expanded mandate
has been explosive detection;

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however, you know, in the last
several years our mandate has

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grown to serve the
whole of the department

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and the homeland security
enterprise, which, you know,

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includes state, local,
tribal, territorial,

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law enforcement teams
that, you know,

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encompass the wider,
larger disciplines.

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So-- but our mission really is

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to improve the operational
proficiency.

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That's the mandate.

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We're doing something

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that improves what these
guys do on the end user side.

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At the end of the day, that's
the impact that we want to make.

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You know? And, you know, along
the way we want to establish us

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as a resource for this community
and as a federal focal point

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for the research development,
test, and evaluation.

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So, this is the scope.

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See, you know, we've got
a bit of the, you know,

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the kind of Venn diagram is,
you know, kind of to scale, but,

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you know, our mandate, you know,

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in the past has been the
orange and the yellow.

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But the canine community is
broad and diverse and, you know,

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that's where we want our
capabilities to impact.

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That's where we want our
programs to start to expand.

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That's where we need help.

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That's where we need good ideas.

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That's where we need experienced
folks in those communities, but,

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you know, we feel that our--

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the capabilities that
we've built will serve

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that broad mission
state-will serve

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that broad mission community.

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But, you know, we need-- we need
to address the expanded scope

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and the expansion in
the operators as well.

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So, you know, this is
our program capabilities

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in a larger sense.

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You know, we've established
these, we're looking

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to enhance these
capabilities with your help.

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You know, we're looking
for better mechanisms

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to share knowledge and be a more
effective federal focal point

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in this space.

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You know, we want to provide
better analysis tools.

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You know, we want more--
as I said, more experts,

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more smarter folks in this
arena helping us solve these

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challenging problems
and gaining insight

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into this sensor platform

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that we don't have a
lot of insight into.

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You know, we want-- you
know, we want to be able

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to enhance our capability to
rapidly assess vulnerabilities,

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operational performance, and on
emerging and current threats.

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We also want your help
in providing, you know,

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better outreach to the whole

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of the homeland security
enterprise, you know,

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the federal sector as well as
state and local law enforcement.

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So, that really is the scope,
the program capabilities

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that we're looking to enhance
and looking for more good ideas.

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You know, next few slides
I'm going to talk about some

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of our past and ongoing
efforts and I hope

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that it gives a better feel
for some of our challenges

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in providing tools, techniques,

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and knowledge to
these operators.

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So, these are some
of the examples

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of the tools that we talk about.

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You know, one being
our nonhazardous

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or a nonhazardous training aid.

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You know, we focused
in the peroxide-based--

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this was a number one
priority from TSA when I took

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over the program in 2009.

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And, you know, this-- what I
want to emphasize is this type

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of product, especially
in the explosive realm,

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takes years of development.

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That's what it takes to
provide what we say in this--

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in this program is statistically
significant scientifically

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rigorous validation of this
data set in order to verify

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that this product, you
know, is a good alternative.

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Especially in the
explosive realm.

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We can't be wrong, so
we have to do this kind

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of extensive test
and evaluation.

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Not only laboratory, but
verified with the detector set.

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You know, in this
case, you know,

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the gold standard has been, you
know, in being able to imprint

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with this type of
training aid, then validate

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that it gets the base material.

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You know, this is-- this
is the gold standard.

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This is why it takes so long.

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We want to be able to, you know,
shrink that development time

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in getting these products out
to the end user, look for new

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and innovative ways to get these
products out, get them cheaper.

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You know, in this case,
TSA is taking the lead

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and driving the economy
of scale, but, you know,

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we want better ideas to
get these things affordable

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to the state and local
law enforcement, you know,

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the communities, the
counties, the municipalities

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that have two, three dogs.

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You know, that's where we've got

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to get innovation is
shrinking the development time

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and cost-to-market.

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Some of the other tools that we
have, are using, and, you know,

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are looking for further
innovation and great ideas is,

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you know, laboratory techniques
to see where the canine works.

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You know, down below the
level of the detection

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of the canine at
room temperature.

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That's where our detectors work.

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That's what we need
laboratory support for.

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Especially with these, you
know, low vapor pressure odors.

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These things that, you know, we
had to develop this technology,

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this technique, when we were
developing these training aids

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to confirm that we
had something there,

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you know, at room temperature.

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But we've also used this

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to measure the effects
of concealment.

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You know, what kind of
odor availability is there

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when we're getting artful
concealment methods.

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You know, if there's no
detection, there are no odor,

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there is no detection
with this platform.

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So, sometimes we're asking
these operators to fill a gap

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that they just can't
do with this detector

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and we need better
insight into that.

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We need these tools to be
able to do that in the lab

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and then take them out and
run them by the detector

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to see whether we've got
confirmation on that.

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So, you know, we're
looking for more innovation

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in laboratory for that.

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We've also used this tool
at this level of detection

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to determine whether we've
got cross-contamination

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in explosive training
aid storage.

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You know, that's a key piece.

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You know, are these operators
really truly training their

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detectors on what they
think they are or, you know,

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so we've done multi-agency
tests where we've brought this--

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brought a number of operators,
training aids, to the machine

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to be able to see
that there was--

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we did see that there
was cross-contamination.

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So, we've got tools to
do a bit of this now.

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You know, we need better tools.

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We need-- we need it, you know,

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out there supporting some
other ideas that we have.

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Some of these things--
the REDDI event, you know,

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it's in training tools.

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We look at it, you know, this
is a tool that we're using

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for our outreach with state
and local law enforcement.

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You're going to hear a little
bit more about that later

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in our state and local outreach,
but, you know, we use that

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and I think that's-- that
should be of interest for some

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of the state and
local operators here.

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We're looking for more
partnerships for--

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with the state and local
operators and, you know,

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our REDDI events have
been that mechanism

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and that tool for that.

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You know, one other tool
that we've used in our test

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and evaluation has
been this MACE tool.

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It's a-- you know,

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it's a tablet-based
data collection tool.

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You know, it allows us
during the test, you know,

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that touchscreen ability
to follow the dogs

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as they're working in odor
recognition and operations

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and the key piece with
this is it allows us

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to have real-time results shown
and looked at during the test.

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Instead of, you know,
shuffling papers and going

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and calculating, it allows
us-- it's been a very effective

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and efficient tool at
a lot of the testing

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that we've done with
our operators.

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OK. Some of the, you know, the
techniques that we've talked

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about in tools, techniques,

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and knowledge really are our
independent operational tests

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and evaluation efforts.

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You know, we feel that--
we feel are unique.

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We-- in our methods and our data
collection, we employ, you know,

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scientifically rigorous-- again,
you're going to hear me say

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that a couple times--
statistically significant,

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you know, we get repeatability.

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It's not just a one-off test
that the dog happened to be,

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you know, have a cold
that day, we have no clue.

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That does not give us insight

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into how this detection
system works

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on a given day, what
we can rely on.

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So, we're looking for more
innovation and effective ways

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to measure operational
performance.

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You know, again, we want
to be able in our scope

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to inform training more
effectively, more efficiently

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at the end of the day to
impact operational performance.

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That's the mandate
of the program.

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You know, we-- we're looking
at the training and operations,

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the person search, you're going

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to hear a little
bit more about that.

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That's an effort we took on
back in 2012 with a partnership

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with University of
Maryland Police Department.

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We have several of these
partnerships to be able not only

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to have operational detectors
out there that we can--

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we can go and prove
some of our R&D concepts

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like early proof concepts
of our training aids

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and nonhazardous training aids,

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but also in this case we're
utilizing them to prove

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out a training methodology,
a maintenance burden

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to these teams, and--
bottom line--

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we're able to do a
parametric assessment

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of these person-search dogs.

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And to, you know, that was
something that I think more

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and more folks in the operations
side are starting to think,

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you know, especially for the
soft target crowded places

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that we need these types of
canines to support this realm.

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You know, we're in the
business of understanding what

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that can do for the operators,
what the operators can rely on.

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So, that's something

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that collecting this
parametric data set, you know,

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over the course of the years
we've been working with them,

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it's a long time--
long-term research project.

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We'd like to be able to
do that more efficiently.

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So, you know, ideas in that
realm, but other things,

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tools for these PB guys.

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We've been working with
TSA and you'll hear

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from the training
center, you know, TSA,

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you know, has put
themselves out there

00:13:42.166 --> 00:13:44.746
and really challenging
themselves to get better

00:13:44.746 --> 00:13:47.646
in the operations and that's
where our independent test

00:13:47.646 --> 00:13:48.856
and evaluation efforts

00:13:49.406 --> 00:13:52.526
in developing the passenger
screening canine teams,

00:13:52.906 --> 00:13:57.296
you know, they have tested,
they've tweaked the training.

00:13:57.406 --> 00:13:59.106
You'll hear about
some of the issues

00:13:59.106 --> 00:14:00.966
that the TSA training
folks have.

00:14:01.426 --> 00:14:03.276
And then they've
tested again, you know,

00:14:03.276 --> 00:14:05.796
and that's how they improve upon

00:14:06.206 --> 00:14:09.876
and not only what they're
training and the efficiency

00:14:09.876 --> 00:14:11.816
that they're training on,
the effectiveness of that,

00:14:11.816 --> 00:14:15.916
but also improving the
CONOPs and tweaking

00:14:15.916 --> 00:14:17.386
that to optimize that.

00:14:17.386 --> 00:14:20.216
So, that's something that
we've been doing is, you know,

00:14:20.216 --> 00:14:24.026
our techniques in independent
T&E, but, you know, we need--

00:14:24.306 --> 00:14:25.316
we need better insight.

00:14:25.316 --> 00:14:27.566
We need-- we would like to
be able to do these things.

00:14:27.956 --> 00:14:30.576
You know, the canine teams
are not like technology.

00:14:30.626 --> 00:14:32.626
We cannot, you know, we can't

00:14:32.776 --> 00:14:36.046
over a weekend collect 5000
data points and get a raw curve

00:14:36.046 --> 00:14:37.056
and everything's all good.

00:14:37.456 --> 00:14:38.836
You know, that's
not what we know

00:14:38.836 --> 00:14:39.986
about these canine detectors.

00:14:39.986 --> 00:14:42.796
There are still unknowns
and so when we're--

00:14:42.886 --> 00:14:46.826
they're supporting in a critical
infrastructure, deployment,

00:14:47.116 --> 00:14:50.476
trying to get an operation--
a performance we can rely on.

00:14:51.376 --> 00:14:55.806
We really need to do this over
a long term, so innovation help

00:14:55.806 --> 00:14:58.356
with those ideas, that is
what we're looking for.

00:14:59.756 --> 00:15:04.026
I'll-- yeah, a rapid
response to emerging threats.

00:15:04.026 --> 00:15:07.066
You know, we-- I mentioned a
bit of that early in capability.

00:15:07.066 --> 00:15:08.556
This is a capability we have.

00:15:08.556 --> 00:15:12.386
We've supported TSA and the
state and locals that, you know,

00:15:12.436 --> 00:15:15.186
by these partnerships that
we established and looking

00:15:15.186 --> 00:15:18.796
to establish more, you know,
we can go to some operators

00:15:18.796 --> 00:15:22.446
and gather 50 dog teams
in a region and see

00:15:22.446 --> 00:15:25.806
if the basic maintenance
training is allowing a

00:15:25.846 --> 00:15:28.776
capability on a particular
emerging threat that we have.

00:15:28.776 --> 00:15:30.136
We've done this over the years.

00:15:30.496 --> 00:15:32.476
We can get answers
in a couple of weeks

00:15:32.476 --> 00:15:34.036
with these partnerships
that we've built.

00:15:34.146 --> 00:15:39.716
You know, it's a very valuable,
you know, entity and technique

00:15:39.716 --> 00:15:43.536
that we've developed and-- but
again, you know, we're looking

00:15:43.586 --> 00:15:47.986
for innovation and ideas
in maximizing and making

00:15:47.986 --> 00:15:49.356
that capability more efficient.

00:15:50.376 --> 00:15:55.076
Odor generalization is really,
you know, an effort that we did

00:15:55.596 --> 00:15:57.866
with the TSA training center.

00:15:58.456 --> 00:15:59.826
It's a unique place there.

00:15:59.826 --> 00:16:04.096
It allows us to have access to
not onesie, twosie dogs, but,

00:16:04.166 --> 00:16:07.196
you know, we were able to get
70-plus dogs in this study

00:16:07.586 --> 00:16:11.626
to really see that if we imprint
a green dog, dog that, you know,

00:16:11.626 --> 00:16:15.656
hasn't been exposed to explosive
odor before, on a smaller set

00:16:15.706 --> 00:16:17.756
of odors-- this was
focused on explosives--

00:16:18.086 --> 00:16:20.316
can they generalize
to a larger set.

00:16:20.316 --> 00:16:23.186
You know, these family of
odor theories have been

00:16:23.186 --> 00:16:25.196
around a long time,
but they're, you know,

00:16:25.366 --> 00:16:28.716
too many studies come
with, you know, very hard

00:16:28.716 --> 00:16:30.816
and fast conclusions
but they had four dogs.

00:16:31.296 --> 00:16:33.346
You know? And to be--
they're not working dogs,

00:16:33.346 --> 00:16:33.966
they're shelter dogs.

00:16:33.966 --> 00:16:35.936
So, you know, we
have to make sure

00:16:35.936 --> 00:16:38.656
that we're providing the best
information for these operators

00:16:38.656 --> 00:16:41.176
to build and grow and
improve their program.

00:16:41.176 --> 00:16:46.976
So, this was another effort
that we've done, but, you know,

00:16:46.976 --> 00:16:48.676
we're looking for other efforts.

00:16:48.766 --> 00:16:53.926
We again want to inform how
to make their job easier.

00:16:54.156 --> 00:16:57.496
How to make their training more
effective and more efficient.

00:16:59.226 --> 00:17:00.846
In the knowledge
area, really this is--

00:17:00.936 --> 00:17:03.686
this is probably an
area that, you know,

00:17:03.686 --> 00:17:07.376
we can use the most innovation
and help with, you know,

00:17:07.376 --> 00:17:11.036
we kind of lump the
understanding

00:17:11.036 --> 00:17:13.646
of the basic structure
and function in this area,

00:17:13.646 --> 00:17:15.336
the more of the basic research.

00:17:15.336 --> 00:17:21.656
You know, you'll hear more
from Dr. Kari a little later

00:17:21.856 --> 00:17:26.446
in her talk about our
efforts that Jay mentioned

00:17:27.016 --> 00:17:30.236
that Congress is helping us.

00:17:30.436 --> 00:17:33.166
They-- that was one of the areas
that they've directed us to look

00:17:33.166 --> 00:17:37.286
into and, you know, in this-- in
the breeding and early learning

00:17:37.286 --> 00:17:39.976
and selection and
the genetics work.

00:17:40.356 --> 00:17:44.816
Kari is going to talk a little
bit about that at the end,

00:17:44.816 --> 00:17:47.806
so I'm not going to--
I'm not qualified nor--

00:17:48.516 --> 00:17:49.746
to talk about that a bit.

00:17:49.776 --> 00:17:54.066
Kari is much more-- much
smarter than I am in that area,

00:17:54.806 --> 00:17:57.486
but one of the things that
we do is sharing knowledge,

00:17:57.486 --> 00:18:00.616
is doing some studies
that inform, you know,

00:18:00.776 --> 00:18:04.256
some best practices and
going towards standardization

00:18:04.256 --> 00:18:06.246
about these storage
and handling.

00:18:06.246 --> 00:18:08.716
Really we did some
laboratory efforts

00:18:09.086 --> 00:18:15.386
to really evaluate a number
of different storage efforts

00:18:15.386 --> 00:18:21.066
that the community was using and
came to validate that, you know,

00:18:21.066 --> 00:18:22.636
the way TSA was doing things,

00:18:22.636 --> 00:18:26.356
the way FPS was doing things was
pretty good way to do things.

00:18:26.406 --> 00:18:29.406
But, you know, again we
have some validation in that

00:18:29.406 --> 00:18:29.976
and that's kind of the

00:18:30.176 --> 00:18:32.036
knowledge that we want
to be able to share.

00:18:33.096 --> 00:18:38.366
In the more basic
research, early learning,

00:18:38.366 --> 00:18:42.506
Megan mentioned the Silicon
Valley Innovation Program.

00:18:42.806 --> 00:18:44.716
You know, we're working
supporting CBP.

00:18:44.716 --> 00:18:50.066
A requirement came out from CBP
to have real-time monitoring

00:18:50.066 --> 00:18:54.966
of health effects in
the CBP dogs working

00:18:54.966 --> 00:18:57.206
in a more physically
stressful environment.

00:18:57.256 --> 00:19:01.426
You know, they wanted a
broad brush, but, you know,

00:19:01.466 --> 00:19:04.016
folks at TSA will tell you
that their dogs go walking

00:19:04.016 --> 00:19:07.036
in the airport, so it's not a
physically stressful environment

00:19:07.036 --> 00:19:10.576
necessarily, but, yeah,
this was something

00:19:11.136 --> 00:19:15.456
that CBP wanted as-bubbled
up as a requirement

00:19:15.456 --> 00:19:17.986
to the Silicon Valley
folks, so we're working

00:19:17.986 --> 00:19:23.066
that with a small company that,
you know, has a unique solution.

00:19:23.066 --> 00:19:25.626
As Megan said, these
are-- these are, you know,

00:19:25.626 --> 00:19:28.656
a couple of people
companies that,

00:19:28.656 --> 00:19:30.036
you know, have some good ideas.

00:19:30.036 --> 00:19:34.346
So, the scope is not just the
larger companies, but it is,

00:19:34.496 --> 00:19:37.946
as Megan showed, we're
trying to make doing business

00:19:37.946 --> 00:19:42.286
with us easier and a
bit more, you know--

00:19:42.666 --> 00:19:45.456
end of the day, do things
that impact our operators.

00:19:46.916 --> 00:19:50.886
So, that's really all the, you
know, the programmatic work.

00:19:50.886 --> 00:19:52.496
You know, I kind of
showed at a high level

00:19:52.496 --> 00:19:54.756
of what we have done,
what we are doing.

00:19:55.466 --> 00:19:57.756
There's a lot of folks
working in this area, you know,

00:19:57.756 --> 00:20:01.056
in the federal side supporting
this-- FBI, ATF, you know,

00:20:01.056 --> 00:20:02.886
others that are serving
this community.

00:20:02.886 --> 00:20:05.936
You know, they're working
hard, but, you know,

00:20:06.196 --> 00:20:08.946
as everyone in this room knows,
there's a lot of unknowns.

00:20:08.946 --> 00:20:10.566
A lot of unanswered questions.

00:20:10.936 --> 00:20:14.216
So, you know, I'm hoping
that, you know, this--

00:20:14.726 --> 00:20:16.616
these areas and, you know,

00:20:16.786 --> 00:20:19.156
the talks coming later
will spark some interest

00:20:19.156 --> 00:20:21.776
and innovation for
us going forward.

00:20:22.536 --> 00:20:26.116
But-- put the next one, please.

00:20:26.236 --> 00:20:28.766
You know, we've tried
to frame out a few

00:20:28.766 --> 00:20:31.456
of our research challenges
as we see it.

00:20:32.166 --> 00:20:35.756
You know, I'm hoping this is
not the limit of what's going

00:20:35.756 --> 00:20:37.816
through everybody's head--
hey, I've got great idea,

00:20:37.816 --> 00:20:40.166
I think it's great-- but,
you know, we kind of wanted

00:20:40.166 --> 00:20:44.606
to put this out here as our
research challenges, you know,

00:20:44.696 --> 00:20:47.056
that we want to have
more dialogue.

00:20:47.226 --> 00:20:50.046
You know, I-- we're going to
have a little bit more time,

00:20:50.456 --> 00:20:51.486
you know, in the morning break.

00:20:51.936 --> 00:20:53.826
I think most of the, you know,

00:20:53.826 --> 00:20:57.566
the meaningful discussions
happen during these networking

00:20:57.566 --> 00:21:00.936
breaks, so I'm glad that Megan--
her team factored these in,

00:21:00.936 --> 00:21:04.386
but-- and our breakout
sessions later today.

00:21:04.446 --> 00:21:06.026
But, you know, what
we're looking

00:21:06.026 --> 00:21:09.056
at here is really
fitting in two areas.

00:21:09.056 --> 00:21:12.436
I'm not going to go through all
of them, but, you know, kind of,

00:21:12.436 --> 00:21:13.886
you know, one is, you know,

00:21:13.886 --> 00:21:15.936
optimizing our training
methodology.

00:21:15.936 --> 00:21:17.836
You know, I've said
that we want--

00:21:18.206 --> 00:21:22.186
we want to be able to have these
guys train more effectively,

00:21:22.186 --> 00:21:23.006
more efficiently.

00:21:23.046 --> 00:21:25.086
Tools, techniques, and
knowledge to do that.

00:21:25.486 --> 00:21:29.626
End of the day, you know,
improving deployment strategies.

00:21:29.626 --> 00:21:32.206
How can we tweak
some of the CONOPs

00:21:32.276 --> 00:21:34.746
to maximize our operational
performance?

00:21:35.096 --> 00:21:37.016
You know, what are some
of the tools, techniques,

00:21:37.016 --> 00:21:39.306
and knowledge we can-- we
can utilize to do that?

00:21:39.836 --> 00:21:42.136
You know, the other one
is really, you know,

00:21:42.136 --> 00:21:44.856
can we get better at
understanding what, you know,

00:21:44.856 --> 00:21:48.176
what nature has provided us
in this, you know, the best,

00:21:48.176 --> 00:21:53.286
most flexible, mobile, versatile
odor detection tool we have

00:21:53.286 --> 00:21:54.826
at our disposal, you know,

00:21:54.826 --> 00:21:57.146
in supporting the
homeland security mission.

00:21:57.146 --> 00:21:59.926
You know, that-- this--
we haven't been able--

00:21:59.926 --> 00:22:01.516
we're just getting able to be--

00:22:01.956 --> 00:22:03.776
challenge the laboratory
community

00:22:03.776 --> 00:22:06.626
in seeing below their level of
detection at room temperature.

00:22:06.626 --> 00:22:11.486
So, you know, this is where
I think is a broad area

00:22:11.486 --> 00:22:14.396
of research that's unexplored.

00:22:15.156 --> 00:22:17.146
You saw that we're
not, you know,

00:22:17.146 --> 00:22:18.846
we're not just explosives
anymore.

00:22:18.846 --> 00:22:20.336
We have a broad mandate

00:22:20.336 --> 00:22:22.436
to support the whole
of the community.

00:22:22.796 --> 00:22:24.486
So, you know, that's where--

00:22:24.806 --> 00:22:29.446
that's where I think we really
have the areas for growth.

00:22:30.006 --> 00:22:33.436
So, I think that brings us to
our break, the aforementioned.

00:22:33.436 --> 00:22:35.646
What I'd like to do is
leave this slide up here,

00:22:35.756 --> 00:22:36.736
you know, during the break.

00:22:36.786 --> 00:22:41.206
You know, everybody can, you
know, ask us what we mean

00:22:41.206 --> 00:22:42.496
by some of these things.

00:22:42.736 --> 00:22:45.226
You know, it's totally
fine, but, you know,

00:22:45.396 --> 00:22:49.866
afterward we'll reconvene and
we'll hear from, like I said,

00:22:49.866 --> 00:22:52.296
the-- some of our
current program performers

00:22:52.686 --> 00:22:56.556
and stakeholders and
customers who will lay out

00:22:56.556 --> 00:22:59.296
and hopefully provide a
bit more insight into some

00:22:59.296 --> 00:23:03.446
of our main efforts and into
the challenges they face and,

00:23:03.846 --> 00:23:06.736
you know, spark some
further in-depth discussion

00:23:06.736 --> 00:23:09.976
after their talks for
the breakout sessions.

00:23:10.516 --> 00:23:24.500
[ Music ]