WEBVTT

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Good afternoon, I am Chrissi
Guth with CBP's Office of Trade

fd5d67b3-de25-4dd2-b939-3d163c13331c-1
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Relations.

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Today's webinar is on Go Go
Green!

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The Tariff the History and the
Future of Vehicles webinar is a

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00:00:19.956 --> 00:00:22.520
2024 webinar series.

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Please be mindful that you will be on
mute during the presentation, therefore 

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we ask that you please submit any
questions you have in the chat

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00:00:30.924 --> 00:00:31.360
feature.

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If you plan to request the
optional CCS or CES credits

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00:00:36.475 --> 00:00:41.542
through the NCBFAA Educational
Institute, please check the chat

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00:00:41.542 --> 00:00:43.760
box for the completion code.

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00:00:44.200 --> 00:00:46.920
It will be provided at the end
of the webinar.

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And on the last slide of the
presentation.

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Now I would like to pass it over
to National Import Specialist,

08af2844-0221-4e56-ab50-0208f776b931-1
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Matt Sullivan.

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Hi, good afternoon everyone.

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So welcome.

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This will be the 2024 webinar on
vehicles, past, Present, future.

44a7a962-9615-4263-9fbb-20284e23b277-0
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We'll talk a little bit about
the Green initiative, a little

44a7a962-9615-4263-9fbb-20284e23b277-1
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bit about autonomous vehicles,
electrics, hybrids.

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So first, let's start with a
little bit of housekeeping.

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This is our mission statement.

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I'm sure that all of you are
familiar with it by this point.

e998487c-ed11-4f00-a23b-978ef7893433-0
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Our small but long disclaimer,
and I would like to thank

e998487c-ed11-4f00-a23b-978ef7893433-1
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Customs Librarian Zachary
Twining for his invaluable

e998487c-ed11-4f00-a23b-978ef7893433-2
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assistance in providing scans of
the very early tariffs, and

e998487c-ed11-4f00-a23b-978ef7893433-3
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would also like to thank
Mercedes-Benz for graciously

e998487c-ed11-4f00-a23b-978ef7893433-4
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allowing us to use not one this
year, but two of their videos.

b6c673dd-9597-4ba9-8114-4a4e2bb4cd5b-0
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Please note the web address for
how to submit a request for an E

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00:02:05.401 --> 00:02:07.160
ruling from the NCSD.

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OK, someone's mentioning that
there's no audio and that there

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the slides don't seem to be
working.

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Is anyone else have that
problem?

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Yeah, there seems to be a little
bit of an audio and it's going

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in and out and the slides have
not been moving.

ce3a59cd-9d08-40c8-a7af-34f7a13fbd65-0
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I think maybe if you don't mind,
maybe we can stop sharing the

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slides and then re upload them.

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Great.

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Thank you.

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OK, so I guess we'll start from
the beginning again.

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OK, Sounds good.

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OK, All right.

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Well, our mission statement.

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OK.

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And people said they can see
them moving.

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Great.

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OK, first our mission statement.

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I'm sure all of you are familiar
with this by this point.

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Our disclaimer long but
important, and again, I would

87b017f7-abd6-4515-93d3-98bd305b39a0-1
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like to thank Customs Librarian
Zachary Twining for his

87b017f7-abd6-4515-93d3-98bd305b39a0-2
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invaluable assistance in
providing scans for the early

87b017f7-abd6-4515-93d3-98bd305b39a0-3
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tariffs and would also like to
thank Mercedes-Benz for

87b017f7-abd6-4515-93d3-98bd305b39a0-4
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graciously allowing us to use
not one, but two of their videos

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00:03:57.047 --> 00:03:57.919
this year.

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Please note the web address for
how to submit requests for E

8d7f636c-4296-4dff-b064-25e36c6dc933-1
00:04:05.490 --> 00:04:07.240
rulings from the NCSD.

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So for those that don't already
know me, my name is Matt

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Sullivan and I am the National
Input Specialist for

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automobiles, drones and tires.

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So before we start a little
Riddle, what has 10 letters and

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starts with GAS answer we're
looking for is automobile with

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the continuing 3 O ones against
many Chinese goods and a new

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100% duty rate on Chinese
electric vehicles and plug in

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hybrids that was set to go into
effect on August 1st, motor

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vehicles have taken up a more
prominent place in the news and

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up on Capitol Hill.

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Today we are going to take a
very brief look at the history

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of the tariff in relation to
motor vehicles, peek into the

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past, delve into new technology
of hybrids, plug in hybrids and

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electric vehicles, look to the
future of autonomous AI and

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autonomous vehicles of the
future, and hopefully learn a

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few fun facts along the way.

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So let's start at the beginning,
work through the middle, and

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when we get to the end, stop.

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First things first.

30f18f05-e972-4369-9836-d3159952c129-0
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Chapter 87 does not cover
railways or tramway rolling

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stock designed solely for
running on rails.

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This means the trains are not
provided for in Chapter 87.

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Yes, trains are motorized, and
yes, they do provide

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transportation for both people
and goods, but trains in the

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cars that are pulled along are
provided for solely in Chapter

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87 of the tariff.

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Now we've discussed the various
vehicles of Chapter 87 in a

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previous webinar, but as a
refresher, Chapter 87 covers the

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following vehicles.

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Except for certain motor mobile
machines of Section 617 such

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sorry sixteen, such as earth
movers, graders and bulldozers.

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Incomplete or unfinished
vehicles are classified as if

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they were complete or finished,
provided that the vehicle

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possesses the essential
character of the completed

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vehicle.

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For example, a motor vehicle not
fitted with the tires or wheels.

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Please note, for tariff
purposes, tires and wheels are

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not interchangeable terms.

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Mobility, the drive to move from
place to place, has served as

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the lifeblood for human
civilization over the course of

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the 20th century.

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Often referred to as the century
of the automobile, cars have

e701bc11-9a99-4e43-8597-496ee117b1a0-1
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helped move drivers and riders
through a combination of

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utility, efficiency, and
variety.

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This was an unrivaled marvel in
the industrial age, when most

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people still use horse and
carriage.

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Yet as new cars are welcomed by
the millions, the world appears

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poised on the edge of a new
horizon for mobility, one that

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00:07:18.127 --> 00:07:21.320
promises to be faster, smarter,
and greener.

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Our first fun fact based on
advice from Alexander Hamilton

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on July 31st, 1789, the United
States Customs Service was

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established by the 5th Act of
Congress to regulate the

5f9f7281-76b7-4cdd-a7b2-19dc1ba813aa-3
00:07:35.861 --> 00:07:40.438
collection of the duties imposed
by law on the tonnage of ships

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00:07:40.438 --> 00:07:44.872
or vessels and on goods, wares,
and merchandise imported into

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00:07:44.872 --> 00:07:46.160
the United States.

0302235b-4f09-469f-b747-1900bed88d8b-0
00:07:47.240 --> 00:07:50.132
These duties funded virtually
the entire United States

0302235b-4f09-469f-b747-1900bed88d8b-1
00:07:50.132 --> 00:07:51.920
government over the next
century.

1aaa30d1-5c0b-488f-a243-95a413964217-0
00:07:52.400 --> 00:07:55.374
Revenue collected through
customs strengthen government

1aaa30d1-5c0b-488f-a243-95a413964217-1
00:07:55.374 --> 00:07:58.135
infrastructure, financed
construction of cities and

1aaa30d1-5c0b-488f-a243-95a413964217-2
00:07:58.135 --> 00:08:01.481
buildings, and paved for the and
paid for the operation of the

1aaa30d1-5c0b-488f-a243-95a413964217-3
00:08:01.481 --> 00:08:01.800
ports.

170be44b-c18b-46cf-adf5-cf7701660976-0
00:08:02.640 --> 00:08:06.276
The first ship to usher in this
era under the new customs

170be44b-c18b-46cf-adf5-cf7701660976-1
00:08:06.276 --> 00:08:10.162
regulations entered the Port of
New York on August 5th, 1789,

170be44b-c18b-46cf-adf5-cf7701660976-2
00:08:10.162 --> 00:08:13.360
less than a week after the
agency was established.

8d0464d1-8cf9-4429-b546-619ff6058a32-0
00:08:14.120 --> 00:08:17.693
Brigatine Purses sailed from
Italy into New York Harbor

8d0464d1-8cf9-4429-b546-619ff6058a32-1
00:08:17.693 --> 00:08:21.776
carrying various goods confined
to William Seaton, a successful

8d0464d1-8cf9-4429-b546-619ff6058a32-2
00:08:21.776 --> 00:08:25.604
importer who also served as
cashier of the Bank of New York

8d0464d1-8cf9-4429-b546-619ff6058a32-3
00:08:25.604 --> 00:08:27.200
under Alexander Hamilton.

abd79edf-819b-4478-946e-11e7212bf5f7-0
00:08:27.880 --> 00:08:33.371
Seaton paid a duty of $774.41,
the first collected by the

abd79edf-819b-4478-946e-11e7212bf5f7-1
00:08:33.371 --> 00:08:39.053
United States as you can see
here in the Tariff Act of July

abd79edf-819b-4478-946e-11e7212bf5f7-2
00:08:39.053 --> 00:08:40.000
4th, 1789.

09a648c4-b429-43f3-98ce-c22736ac8733-0
00:08:40.280 --> 00:08:45.301
Coaches, Chariots and other 4
wheel carriages and every chase,

09a648c4-b429-43f3-98ce-c22736ac8733-1
00:08:45.301 --> 00:08:49.764
solo or other two wheeled
carriage or parts thereof are

09a648c4-b429-43f3-98ce-c22736ac8733-2
00:08:49.764 --> 00:08:51.040
dutiable at 15%.

14e9ff5b-b8af-4ab2-850e-a25771777c58-0
00:08:51.240 --> 00:08:54.694
The future will become a roller
coaster for automotive duty

14e9ff5b-b8af-4ab2-850e-a25771777c58-1
00:08:54.694 --> 00:08:55.040
rates.

08fa39f0-c0f7-4be2-a01a-1d4cb6ef0602-0
00:08:59.440 --> 00:09:03.528
Although Henry Ford wasn't going
to start manufacturing the Model

08fa39f0-c0f7-4be2-a01a-1d4cb6ef0602-1
00:09:03.528 --> 00:09:07.306
T for another decade, the United
States was forward thinking

08fa39f0-c0f7-4be2-a01a-1d4cb6ef0602-2
00:09:07.306 --> 00:09:10.280
enough to have an automobile
provision in 1789.

1146ba20-ef5f-4914-b1bc-3019fcdc3e40-0
00:09:10.280 --> 00:09:14.674
In 1797, the rate of duty wasn't
on the vehicle itself but on the

1146ba20-ef5f-4914-b1bc-3019fcdc3e40-1
00:09:14.674 --> 00:09:18.669
component material of chief
value, so I'll go on a limb and

1146ba20-ef5f-4914-b1bc-3019fcdc3e40-2
00:09:18.669 --> 00:09:21.400
assume that it was either wood
or steel.

b47e6f4d-6753-40ac-9e46-095f0e2b8f08-0
00:09:22.280 --> 00:09:26.082
There is no specific breakout
for automobile parts and we can

b47e6f4d-6753-40ac-9e46-095f0e2b8f08-1
00:09:26.082 --> 00:09:30.130
only assume that everything that
made-up the vehicle, if imported

b47e6f4d-6753-40ac-9e46-095f0e2b8f08-2
00:09:30.130 --> 00:09:33.320
separately, would have been
classified EO nominate.

9e66844e-f280-4c8f-8fd2-238a2fe25400-0
00:09:34.640 --> 00:09:38.496
In 1897, automobiles were
considered household effects if

9e66844e-f280-4c8f-8fd2-238a2fe25400-1
00:09:38.496 --> 00:09:42.618
used for over a year, but as we
will soon see, this duty free

9e66844e-f280-4c8f-8fd2-238a2fe25400-2
00:09:42.618 --> 00:09:44.680
provision was very short lived.

fb76bddd-4743-45af-bad2-30575c2b9e82-0
00:09:47.560 --> 00:09:50.674
During a move from one building
to another, I was able to save

fb76bddd-4743-45af-bad2-30575c2b9e82-1
00:09:50.674 --> 00:09:53.640
this small gem from the trash as
it was being wheeled away.

f54c213c-cfa6-41d0-9ffd-b54c771dce2e-0
00:09:54.120 --> 00:09:57.768
Measuring approximately 6 1/2
inches by 4 1/2 inches, it was

f54c213c-cfa6-41d0-9ffd-b54c771dce2e-1
00:09:57.768 --> 00:10:00.280
previously owned by Judge Joseph
Raymond.

7e6109ba-08aa-46ac-aa23-3a5e7325ce64-0
00:10:00.280 --> 00:10:03.760
Jackson is one of my most
treasured customs memorabilia.

de47d1bb-9adc-4417-9398-60ea446c1382-0
00:10:04.600 --> 00:10:09.115
Born on August 30th, 1880 in
Albany, NY, he received his BA

de47d1bb-9adc-4417-9398-60ea446c1382-1
00:10:09.115 --> 00:10:13.705
degree in 1900 from Manhattan
College and Red Law, which was

de47d1bb-9adc-4417-9398-60ea446c1382-2
00:10:13.705 --> 00:10:16.640
the precursor to law school in
19 O 7.

b594cb3d-98dc-4692-b3e4-44b1f224c00f-0
00:10:17.400 --> 00:10:20.948
He was Assistant Attorney
General for the Customs Division

b594cb3d-98dc-4692-b3e4-44b1f224c00f-1
00:10:20.948 --> 00:10:24.858
of the United States Department
of Justice in New York City from

b594cb3d-98dc-4692-b3e4-44b1f224c00f-2
00:10:24.858 --> 00:10:25.640
1934 to 1937.

41e4497a-e021-4ccc-827a-acd8779a57d6-0
00:10:26.320 --> 00:10:30.965
He was nominated by President
FDR on November 29th, 1937 to an

41e4497a-e021-4ccc-827a-acd8779a57d6-1
00:10:30.965 --> 00:10:35.315
Associate Judge seat on the
United States Court of Customs

41e4497a-e021-4ccc-827a-acd8779a57d6-2
00:10:35.315 --> 00:10:39.518
and Patent Appeals and was
confirmed by the US Senate on

41e4497a-e021-4ccc-827a-acd8779a57d6-3
00:10:39.518 --> 00:10:40.920
December 9th, 1937.

0ff0a6b1-9561-4034-963d-7a41bdd34174-0
00:10:41.760 --> 00:10:44.600
Received his Commission on
December 14th of that same year.

99ed4b84-c982-450c-ac34-05fbb3748b6d-0
00:10:46.360 --> 00:10:50.993
His service terminated on August
29th, 1969 due to his death in

99ed4b84-c982-450c-ac34-05fbb3748b6d-1
00:10:50.993 --> 00:10:52.080
Washington, DC.

8c4e470e-5791-4684-b3c6-b22cf89c06cd-0
00:10:53.160 --> 00:10:56.907
As you can see from this
nineteen O 9 tariff between 1897

8c4e470e-5791-4684-b3c6-b22cf89c06cd-1
00:10:56.907 --> 00:10:59.880
and 19 O 9, there were two
important changes.

7a2e4a9b-7d78-4cb6-bb8b-e59896dd077e-0
00:11:00.320 --> 00:11:04.439
One, that the duty rate went
from the chief material to a

7a2e4a9b-7d78-4cb6-bb8b-e59896dd077e-1
00:11:04.439 --> 00:11:08.700
fixed rate of 45%, and two, that
automobiles were no longer

7a2e4a9b-7d78-4cb6-bb8b-e59896dd077e-2
00:11:08.700 --> 00:11:10.760
considered household effects.

4b0692e7-2d8a-4a38-9140-472571d4ff81-0
00:11:12.360 --> 00:11:15.812
While automobiles were not new,
as the United States had, the

4b0692e7-2d8a-4a38-9140-472571d4ff81-1
00:11:15.812 --> 00:11:19.431
bustling Model T from the model
from the Ford Motor Company that

4b0692e7-2d8a-4a38-9140-472571d4ff81-2
00:11:19.431 --> 00:11:22.605
began production in 19 O 8
imported motor vehicles would

4b0692e7-2d8a-4a38-9140-472571d4ff81-3
00:11:22.605 --> 00:11:26.058
have been rare, and Ford most
likely had something to do with

4b0692e7-2d8a-4a38-9140-472571d4ff81-4
00:11:26.058 --> 00:11:27.840
its unusually high rate of duty.

bc4dd43b-50ad-47cc-81fd-8500c882ba65-0
00:11:31.400 --> 00:11:35.728
20 years later, in 1929, the
duty on automobiles had been

bc4dd43b-50ad-47cc-81fd-8500c882ba65-1
00:11:35.728 --> 00:11:37.520
lowered from 45% to 25%.

692ba66c-de17-48f4-a253-2a5a86c6af27-0
00:11:38.320 --> 00:11:42.329
By 1929, automobiles weren't
seen as novelty, but rather a

692ba66c-de17-48f4-a253-2a5a86c6af27-1
00:11:42.329 --> 00:11:43.960
staple of American life.

5310acb1-810c-4a45-a8a6-f673c03b54ea-0
00:11:44.480 --> 00:11:45.680
The Federal Aid Rd.

3ab3cc29-8618-4fd7-92a6-c16d3035dc1e-0
00:11:45.680 --> 00:11:50.080
Act of 1916 allocated $75
million for building roads.

cafb580a-a15a-4027-a1ba-cd0d02af970d-0
00:11:50.600 --> 00:11:54.200
It was also responsible for
approving a refocusing of

cafb580a-a15a-4027-a1ba-cd0d02af970d-1
00:11:54.200 --> 00:11:55.800
military vehicles to Rd.

c4489b57-36a8-4a00-9739-64fb5a696973-0
00:11:55.800 --> 00:11:56.800
maintenance equipment.

d131f691-1a88-40e5-aa3f-1e73d951a7f0-0
00:11:57.520 --> 00:12:01.272
It was followed by the Federal
Aid Highway Act of 1921, which

d131f691-1a88-40e5-aa3f-1e73d951a7f0-1
00:12:01.272 --> 00:12:04.360
provided additional funding for
road construction.

2ec3f2ad-945d-43a1-a17f-0e2dafbb7b53-0
00:12:05.080 --> 00:12:09.480
By 1924, there were 31,000 miles
of paved Rd.

7569870b-346a-479e-9fd7-0ac15cef9dfb-0
00:12:09.480 --> 00:12:10.600
In the United States.

1824bd1b-5f8c-4bed-a787-70f45fb8f2ee-0
00:12:11.480 --> 00:12:15.777
Automobile imports in 1927 were
less than 110th of a percent of

1824bd1b-5f8c-4bed-a787-70f45fb8f2ee-1
00:12:15.777 --> 00:12:17.120
domestic production.

cb718131-4dad-4e24-bff0-a0f6350cc741-0
00:12:18.040 --> 00:12:23.225
There were only 546 automobiles
imported, with a value of a

cb718131-4dad-4e24-bff0-a0f6350cc741-1
00:12:23.225 --> 00:12:25.040
little over $952,000.

fc1ce08d-afa1-4f01-8f13-0c78ddf5b0f7-0
00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:29.518
In contrast, a little over 50%
of the automobiles made in the

fc1ce08d-afa1-4f01-8f13-0c78ddf5b0f7-1
00:12:29.518 --> 00:12:31.360
United States were exported.

d7192844-eebf-435a-ac41-f985ea2ec022-0
00:12:32.120 --> 00:12:36.938
Canada, Europe and South America
each took about 18% of these

d7192844-eebf-435a-ac41-f985ea2ec022-1
00:12:36.938 --> 00:12:37.560
exports.

7cd694d3-c4c4-46dc-bafd-f578a197ba81-0
00:12:38.520 --> 00:12:42.744
Please note that according to
the 1929 tariff, if any country,

7cd694d3-c4c4-46dc-bafd-f578a197ba81-1
00:12:42.744 --> 00:12:46.431
dependency province or other
subdivision of government

7cd694d3-c4c4-46dc-bafd-f578a197ba81-2
00:12:46.431 --> 00:12:50.454
imposed a duty rate higher than
25% on an American exported

7cd694d3-c4c4-46dc-bafd-f578a197ba81-3
00:12:50.454 --> 00:12:54.544
automobile, that country would
be subject to a matching duty

7cd694d3-c4c4-46dc-bafd-f578a197ba81-4
00:12:54.544 --> 00:12:54.880
rate.

32616f62-3560-41e4-9ea5-7402fd4259c5-0
00:12:55.360 --> 00:12:58.587
This sounds like the precursor
to the three O 1 duty that we

32616f62-3560-41e4-9ea5-7402fd4259c5-1
00:12:58.587 --> 00:13:00.440
now have on certain Chinese
goods.

f2003ffb-f8bc-4a0c-bd31-af7b49b86f93-0
00:13:03.800 --> 00:13:08.156
A year later in 1930, we start
to see the subheadings start to

f2003ffb-f8bc-4a0c-bd31-af7b49b86f93-1
00:13:08.156 --> 00:13:08.640
appear.

63484e6b-7b9b-42fe-8e6d-15eade7526c2-0
00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:14.142
Trucks valued over $1000, trucks
and motor bus chassis over $750,

63484e6b-7b9b-42fe-8e6d-15eade7526c2-1
00:13:14.142 --> 00:13:19.051
truck bodies valued over $250
and motor buses designed for the

63484e6b-7b9b-42fe-8e6d-15eade7526c2-2
00:13:19.051 --> 00:13:23.571
carriage of more than 10 people
and their bodies, whether

63484e6b-7b9b-42fe-8e6d-15eade7526c2-3
00:13:23.571 --> 00:13:26.999
finished or unfinished or
dutiable, at 25%.

e01ff18e-ad21-4536-aac0-a749f585b0b5-0
00:13:27.680 --> 00:13:32.048
Passenger automobiles, chassis
and bodies, whether finished or

e01ff18e-ad21-4536-aac0-a749f585b0b5-1
00:13:32.048 --> 00:13:33.920
not, were duty able at 10%.

eaee374f-7893-4878-bccf-eaf91246c9c4-0
00:13:34.280 --> 00:13:38.586
Parts, except for tires and
glass or otherwise specifically

eaee374f-7893-4878-bccf-eaf91246c9c4-1
00:13:38.586 --> 00:13:41.960
provided for elsewhere, were
duty able at 25%.

5c527b2e-318c-4e8c-b71d-1d82ec507b44-0
00:13:44.640 --> 00:13:49.122
By 1963, the duty on motor
vehicles had been lowered yet

5c527b2e-318c-4e8c-b71d-1d82ec507b44-1
00:13:49.122 --> 00:13:51.560
again, this time to 8.28 point.

15bf641b-d91e-41ff-9ebe-13e28d2cb924-0
00:13:51.560 --> 00:13:56.320
5% for cargo vehicles, 6.5% for
passenger vehicles.

ff035daf-36b4-4c89-a304-8c1130c277a5-0
00:13:56.800 --> 00:14:01.323
By 1963 we have the provision
that will become 87 O five in

ff035daf-36b4-4c89-a304-8c1130c277a5-1
00:14:01.323 --> 00:14:02.680
the modern tariff.

b06928e4-efa4-4c32-a9e1-b6ad42fbf570-0
00:14:03.200 --> 00:14:07.017
Special purpose vehicles were
duty able at 10% all the rate

b06928e4-efa4-4c32-a9e1-b6ad42fbf570-1
00:14:07.017 --> 00:14:09.880
for buses, automobiles and
special purposes.

67b5a52c-5e05-4015-8f96-d12930e29007-0
00:14:09.880 --> 00:14:15.247
And special purpose vehicles
would continue to change from

67b5a52c-5e05-4015-8f96-d12930e29007-1
00:14:15.247 --> 00:14:20.615
its most basic origins when
horseless carriages required a

67b5a52c-5e05-4015-8f96-d12930e29007-2
00:14:20.615 --> 00:14:23.799
flagman to walk ahead of each
car.

852f09f0-2dcf-441d-a6e4-81053ff432b1-0
00:14:24.200 --> 00:14:27.673
Automotive production has
evolved from a cottage industry

852f09f0-2dcf-441d-a6e4-81053ff432b1-1
00:14:27.673 --> 00:14:31.266
relying on a small number of
Craftsman to becoming arguably

852f09f0-2dcf-441d-a6e4-81053ff432b1-2
00:14:31.266 --> 00:14:34.440
the largest industrial sector of
the global economy.

a638fe30-5ab6-4d3e-b552-c1b6c88c6f4b-0
00:14:35.080 --> 00:14:38.681
Ours has speed past the sound
barrier on the ground and have

a638fe30-5ab6-4d3e-b552-c1b6c88c6f4b-1
00:14:38.681 --> 00:14:42.520
carried astronauts on the moon,
and now cars are on the verge of

a638fe30-5ab6-4d3e-b552-c1b6c88c6f4b-2
00:14:42.520 --> 00:14:46.121
being able to communicate with
each other to avert accidents

a638fe30-5ab6-4d3e-b552-c1b6c88c6f4b-3
00:14:46.121 --> 00:14:48.720
and even drive themselves in
urban traffic.

bd301162-a88e-424a-884e-3e0ea40ff989-0
00:14:52.240 --> 00:14:56.642
The first horseless carriage was
created in 17 O 4 by the French

bd301162-a88e-424a-884e-3e0ea40ff989-1
00:14:56.642 --> 00:15:00.299
physicist Dennis Papen, a
refugee from Louis the 14th

bd301162-a88e-424a-884e-3e0ea40ff989-2
00:15:00.299 --> 00:15:03.280
persecution who moved to Castle
in Germany.

d5e30317-325c-4173-ba71-a6799839e15e-0
00:15:04.240 --> 00:15:08.112
He invented a rudimentary steam
piston engine which he used to

d5e30317-325c-4173-ba71-a6799839e15e-1
00:15:08.112 --> 00:15:11.616
power a small boat, thus
creating the first mechanically

d5e30317-325c-4173-ba71-a6799839e15e-2
00:15:11.616 --> 00:15:12.600
powered vehicle.

dd6df3b4-1066-4b64-ac4e-458c34c38374-0
00:15:13.400 --> 00:15:17.624
Using Papen's idea, Captain
Nicholas Cudnock adapted a steam

dd6df3b4-1066-4b64-ac4e-458c34c38374-1
00:15:17.624 --> 00:15:20.880
powered engine to power a
ratchet operated Dr.

155593e0-ac58-48c0-baf6-b06690eb0f66-0
00:15:20.880 --> 00:15:25.480
mechanism on a land vehicle
which drove a small but heavy 3

155593e0-ac58-48c0-baf6-b06690eb0f66-1
00:15:25.480 --> 00:15:26.400
wheeled car.

8645866b-4108-4054-92b1-aa22ae2c6508-0
00:15:27.240 --> 00:15:31.883
This two ton vehicle built in
1769 was allegedly able to

8645866b-4108-4054-92b1-aa22ae2c6508-1
00:15:31.883 --> 00:15:36.935
travel just over 2 mph and was
the first mechanically powered

8645866b-4108-4054-92b1-aa22ae2c6508-2
00:15:36.935 --> 00:15:38.320
quote automobile.

19c2052e-80bd-4a1b-8ad1-f8f4d9a7254e-0
00:15:38.840 --> 00:15:41.534
It may have also been
responsible for the first

19c2052e-80bd-4a1b-8ad1-f8f4d9a7254e-1
00:15:41.534 --> 00:15:42.320
mechanized Rd.

900cc406-dbfc-4d94-87e6-5ee94d6cb78e-0
00:15:42.320 --> 00:15:42.920
accident.

4f52baa1-8dc6-40e4-893c-48c86a102679-0
00:15:47.560 --> 00:15:51.470
Despite much subsequent American
mythology, Henry Ford did not

4f52baa1-8dc6-40e4-893c-48c86a102679-1
00:15:51.470 --> 00:15:52.960
actually invent the car.

751f1333-63d8-4e14-a9a1-6ecab8aeedd1-0
00:15:53.120 --> 00:15:57.529
That honor properly goes to
German engineers Carl Benz and

751f1333-63d8-4e14-a9a1-6ecab8aeedd1-1
00:15:57.529 --> 00:15:58.800
Gottlieb Daimler.

1a77cfab-2a90-4f1f-ba29-fdcbc68be3f5-0
00:15:59.080 --> 00:16:00.960
Working independently from each
other.

34223b56-8e08-438e-a478-98ff46f58224-0
00:16:01.800 --> 00:16:05.037
Carl Benz was an engineer for
the province of Baden,

34223b56-8e08-438e-a478-98ff46f58224-1
00:16:05.037 --> 00:16:06.320
southwestern Germany.

99d1127f-ce53-4e66-bcc8-7400c85264e4-0
00:16:07.440 --> 00:16:11.039
In 1885 at the back of a
Mannheim bicycle shop, he

99d1127f-ce53-4e66-bcc8-7400c85264e4-1
00:16:11.039 --> 00:16:15.344
created the first petrol powered
motor vehicle equipped with

99d1127f-ce53-4e66-bcc8-7400c85264e4-2
00:16:15.344 --> 00:16:20.001
three bicycle like wire wire tub
wheels, a revolutionary 4 stroke

99d1127f-ce53-4e66-bcc8-7400c85264e4-3
00:16:20.001 --> 00:16:24.165
engine and advanced electric oil
ignition and transmission

99d1127f-ce53-4e66-bcc8-7400c85264e4-4
00:16:24.165 --> 00:16:28.399
comprising 2 chains connecting
the engine to the rear axle.

e54ebb33-1211-4997-9362-2cce9341c964-0
00:16:28.880 --> 00:16:34.069
Benz's invention was patented on
January 29th, 1886 and was

e54ebb33-1211-4997-9362-2cce9341c964-1
00:16:34.069 --> 00:16:38.480
better known after as the Benz
Patent Motor Vagon.

51694d16-f8fe-4da0-84ff-7bb8e6f21564-0
00:16:41.880 --> 00:16:46.146
Meanwhile, 60 miles away from
where Benz was working, Daimler

51694d16-f8fe-4da0-84ff-7bb8e6f21564-1
00:16:46.146 --> 00:16:49.931
and his lifelong business
partner Wilhelm Maybach were

51694d16-f8fe-4da0-84ff-7bb8e6f21564-2
00:16:49.931 --> 00:16:54.060
inventors whose goal was to
create small high speed engines

51694d16-f8fe-4da0-84ff-7bb8e6f21564-3
00:16:54.060 --> 00:16:58.120
capable of being mounted in any
kind of locomotive device.

ba6b408f-7a4f-43cc-92a3-bc13f890ef59-0
00:16:59.040 --> 00:17:02.892
1883 they designed a horizontal
cylinder layout engine that

ba6b408f-7a4f-43cc-92a3-bc13f890ef59-1
00:17:02.892 --> 00:17:07.131
fulfilled Daimler's desire for a
high speed engine which could be

ba6b408f-7a4f-43cc-92a3-bc13f890ef59-2
00:17:07.131 --> 00:17:10.920
throttled, making it useful in
transportation application.

9a42e185-5b2f-4056-b2b2-2018ee7a2a77-0
00:17:11.920 --> 00:17:14.280
This engine was called Daimler's
dream.

c25238df-c19d-45b4-9859-051b8bf50f9d-0
00:17:15.440 --> 00:17:19.521
In late 1883, Daimler and
Maebach patented the first of

c25238df-c19d-45b4-9859-051b8bf50f9d-1
00:17:19.521 --> 00:17:22.000
their engines fueled by
Ligroind.

caf2486d-b7a5-4015-8477-636e82f45ea4-0
00:17:23.520 --> 00:17:28.549
This engine was patented on on
December 16th, 1883 and achieved

caf2486d-b7a5-4015-8477-636e82f45ea4-1
00:17:28.549 --> 00:17:33.265
Daimler's goal of being small
and running fast enough to be

caf2486d-b7a5-4015-8477-636e82f45ea4-2
00:17:33.265 --> 00:17:34.680
useful at 750 RPM.

eb42910b-cd19-4038-86f2-6d639e2a6791-0
00:17:35.800 --> 00:17:39.925
Improved designs in the next 4
years brought that up to 900

eb42910b-cd19-4038-86f2-6d639e2a6791-1
00:17:39.925 --> 00:17:40.200
RPM.

9bf1c472-fe15-451d-ac8f-934272d88cb6-0
00:17:41.240 --> 00:17:44.280
Daimler had three engines built
to this design.

c6f41147-ca0f-457f-8aeb-f6d979756966-0
00:17:44.280 --> 00:17:48.575
Early in 1884, a flywheel was
introduced in one of the

c6f41147-ca0f-457f-8aeb-f6d979756966-1
00:17:48.575 --> 00:17:49.200
engines.

b5022dd2-375f-45cc-af90-fbab73e35fae-0
00:17:49.520 --> 00:17:53.495
This design was smaller and
lighter than engines by other

b5022dd2-375f-45cc-af90-fbab73e35fae-1
00:17:53.495 --> 00:17:57.333
inventors at the time, and
Daimler relied on a hot tube

b5022dd2-375f-45cc-af90-fbab73e35fae-2
00:17:57.333 --> 00:18:01.446
ignition until 1897 when he
adopted the electrical ignition

b5022dd2-375f-45cc-af90-fbab73e35fae-3
00:18:01.446 --> 00:18:02.680
designed by Bosch.

fb811b81-bfdf-415d-89a9-c50a6147379f-0
00:18:10.200 --> 00:18:13.800
Bertha Benz was born on May 3rd,
1849.

f9c38dc6-496a-48c8-a1aa-5d176d257e6a-0
00:18:14.120 --> 00:18:17.271
She was a German automotive
pioneer inventor and the

f9c38dc6-496a-48c8-a1aa-5d176d257e6a-1
00:18:17.271 --> 00:18:20.840
business partner and wife of
automobile inventor Carl Benz.

7d464021-7dcc-4989-adae-12abb7cb945b-0
00:18:21.600 --> 00:18:26.066
On August 5th, 1888, Bertha Benz
drove from Mannaheim to Farsheim

7d464021-7dcc-4989-adae-12abb7cb945b-1
00:18:26.066 --> 00:18:29.720
with her sons without telling
her husband and without

7d464021-7dcc-4989-adae-12abb7cb945b-2
00:18:29.720 --> 00:18:33.915
permission of the authorities,
thus becoming the first person

7d464021-7dcc-4989-adae-12abb7cb945b-3
00:18:33.915 --> 00:18:37.907
to drive an automobile in
significant distance following a

7d464021-7dcc-4989-adae-12abb7cb945b-4
00:18:37.907 --> 00:18:38.720
wagon track.

8f1a76c9-ed20-4382-90ab-82f72776c3c1-0
00:18:39.080 --> 00:18:43.561
This pioneering corps covered
one way distance at about 106

8f1a76c9-ed20-4382-90ab-82f72776c3c1-1
00:18:43.561 --> 00:18:45.280
kilometers or 66 miles.

cc6c5161-cccb-4feb-b6b7-0025f70eba98-0
00:18:47.680 --> 00:18:51.315
Although the alleged purpose of
this trip is to visit her

cc6c5161-cccb-4feb-b6b7-0025f70eba98-1
00:18:51.315 --> 00:18:54.888
mother, earth events and other
motives she proved to her

cc6c5161-cccb-4feb-b6b7-0025f70eba98-2
00:18:54.888 --> 00:18:58.336
husband, which failed to
adequately consider marketing

cc6c5161-cccb-4feb-b6b7-0025f70eba98-3
00:18:58.336 --> 00:19:01.659
his intention, that the
automobile in which they had

cc6c5161-cccb-4feb-b6b7-0025f70eba98-4
00:19:01.659 --> 00:19:05.420
both heavily invested would
become a financial success once

cc6c5161-cccb-4feb-b6b7-0025f70eba98-5
00:19:05.420 --> 00:19:09.181
it had shown to be useful to the
general public to give her

cc6c5161-cccb-4feb-b6b7-0025f70eba98-6
00:19:09.181 --> 00:19:12.880
husband the confidence that his
construction had a future.

d4b1b7fc-1477-4012-8bdf-904847324750-0
00:19:16.840 --> 00:19:20.170
In doing so, she brought the
patent photovagon worldwide

d4b1b7fc-1477-4012-8bdf-904847324750-1
00:19:20.170 --> 00:19:22.800
attention without the company's
first sales.

b03ab39a-b998-440e-90dc-cf360a84866d-0
00:19:24.720 --> 00:19:27.800
Earth Event died on May 5th,
1944.

6a1dfaf5-cc56-4723-be02-e4db624fe5b0-0
00:19:28.960 --> 00:19:33.320
July 2016, 130 years after her
famous drive.

47c5ef6d-9a36-431e-97bf-fbf6234bdf11-0
00:19:33.840 --> 00:19:34.840
He was inducted in.

510a5deb-cb47-4855-b8a2-2d5bfe4ff67c-0
00:19:35.040 --> 00:19:35.680
What a motive.

110071ce-2fef-4887-9d63-82ea00b76cda-0
00:19:35.680 --> 00:20:05.960
Also stay with your brother.

af098c44-29a0-4682-9742-770a2ed4e679-0
00:20:26.270 --> 00:20:53.760
Hello, is the pharmacist in
here?

fbd1ccad-1305-4f7d-a192-d93df3670327-0
00:20:59.320 --> 00:21:01.320
I'm looking for 10 liters of Lee
groin.

4d80185f-9d60-4398-b1f4-6a98af70003a-0
00:21:04.120 --> 00:21:06.560
You won't get those stains out
of that dress.

c1f59183-188f-42e1-b4c9-a9548a45a197-0
00:21:08.120 --> 00:21:09.280
Better buy a new one.

c9a41beb-45f1-4c75-b52a-a3749eead40d-0
00:21:10.840 --> 00:21:13.760
It's not for my dress, it's for
my carriage.

5f01b5ff-e5e2-4036-af82-88a7f83375ca-0
00:21:13.760 --> 00:21:18.080
Are you trying to poison your
horses?

421c9b34-0534-4d35-a34a-226598458ce0-0
00:21:20.600 --> 00:21:21.200
Do you have 10?

9a09e84d-dada-4aef-9451-c972372bed6d-0
00:21:21.280 --> 00:21:21.800
You do not.

67b3e4a1-c9c4-4df7-aa10-f081cdab815f-0
00:21:35.280 --> 00:21:38.723
OK, I've gotten a couple of
comments that there's a problem

67b3e4a1-c9c4-4df7-aa10-f081cdab815f-1
00:21:38.723 --> 00:21:42.052
with the video, so I'm going to
start it again without my

67b3e4a1-c9c4-4df7-aa10-f081cdab815f-2
00:21:42.052 --> 00:21:44.520
narration because you've already
heard me.

75b4814b-0c49-45af-b140-698e36f276ce-0
00:21:45.520 --> 00:21:46.880
So I'll just restart the video.

1c96d710-f059-41ae-b117-f51cfcc84fe5-0
00:22:15.650 --> 00:22:16.050
A witch.

3ec5faf2-22cf-453b-a6b4-d7458a75f624-0
00:22:16.770 --> 00:22:18.130
A witch is coming.

93aac0c2-df4d-463e-a628-11ff5c0080d5-0
00:22:19.770 --> 00:23:13.950
A witch stay with your brother.

28c4b212-2be5-4420-8438-7ea8b988a220-0
00:23:31.320 --> 00:23:58.860
Hello, is the pharmacist in
here?

25e5ee1a-6799-41d1-948c-7de2d27968d3-0
00:24:04.480 --> 00:24:06.400
I'm looking for 10 litres of Lee
groin.

eb238a9b-eeba-472d-bad9-19c86a17e8dd-0
00:24:09.200 --> 00:24:11.640
You won't get those stains out
of that dress.

0799b3b4-9817-4e6e-afe0-a77139d52652-0
00:24:13.160 --> 00:24:14.360
Better buy a new one.

5ae09b76-c1fd-4d92-9cce-23b14c31f161-0
00:24:15.920 --> 00:24:18.800
It's not for my dress, it's for
my carriage.

34019428-aaed-4ef2-b013-a61a4f5a4f7f-0
00:24:18.800 --> 00:24:23.160
Are you trying to poison your
horses?

1ed468df-065d-4405-be49-7cff50db298e-0
00:24:25.640 --> 00:24:26.880
Do you have 10 litres or not?

761685ea-086b-4e23-b8d3-d9832fdf5e93-0
00:24:56.480 --> 00:25:43.700
Oh, OK.

c820cbab-3469-45a9-a7ae-65865c63d437-0
00:25:44.780 --> 00:25:49.282
Mercedes-Benz traces its origin
to Carl Benz's first internal

c820cbab-3469-45a9-a7ae-65865c63d437-1
00:25:49.282 --> 00:25:53.784
combustion engine seen in the
Benz patent Morgan Motor Wagon,

c820cbab-3469-45a9-a7ae-65865c63d437-2
00:25:53.784 --> 00:25:57.995
which was financed by Bertha
Benz's dowry and patented in

c820cbab-3469-45a9-a7ae-65865c63d437-3
00:25:57.995 --> 00:25:58.939
January 1886.

f84d5989-372b-4941-aee7-68b9113eab6a-0
00:25:59.340 --> 00:26:03.598
The Mercedes automobile was
first marketed in 19 O1 by

f84d5989-372b-4941-aee7-68b9113eab6a-1
00:26:03.598 --> 00:26:06.540
Daimler Motor and Gasel Shaft or
DMG.

55c48077-37ed-4a7a-9275-fe0297bf90a9-0
00:26:07.360 --> 00:26:12.219
Emil Jelnik was a Jewish
Austrian automobile entrepreneur

55c48077-37ed-4a7a-9275-fe0297bf90a9-1
00:26:12.219 --> 00:26:17.582
who worked with DMG registered
the Mercedes trademark in 19 O2,

55c48077-37ed-4a7a-9275-fe0297bf90a9-2
00:26:17.582 --> 00:26:22.525
naming the 19 O1 Mercedes 35
horsepower after his daughter

55c48077-37ed-4a7a-9275-fe0297bf90a9-3
00:26:22.525 --> 00:26:23.280
Mercedes.

f2e78d62-038d-40dc-8829-4cbde22421c8-0
00:26:23.280 --> 00:26:27.479
Jelnik Jelnick was a businessman
and marketing strategist who

f2e78d62-038d-40dc-8829-4cbde22421c8-1
00:26:27.479 --> 00:26:31.272
promoted horseless damler
automobiles among the highest

f2e78d62-038d-40dc-8829-4cbde22421c8-2
00:26:31.272 --> 00:26:32.560
circles of society.

f9c763f8-e8e9-4fb7-8086-8741c3780cf9-0
00:26:32.920 --> 00:26:36.764
His customers included the
Rothschilds family and other

f9c763f8-e8e9-4fb7-8086-8741c3780cf9-1
00:26:36.764 --> 00:26:40.951
wealthy clients, but as early as
nineteen O 1 he was selling

f9c763f8-e8e9-4fb7-8086-8741c3780cf9-2
00:26:40.951 --> 00:26:44.590
Mercedes cars in the New World
as well, including to

f9c763f8-e8e9-4fb7-8086-8741c3780cf9-3
00:26:44.590 --> 00:26:48.160
billionaires Rockefeller, Astor,
Morgan and Taylor.

0251a886-9ab9-4304-8b65-131772d7dfd6-0
00:26:48.840 --> 00:26:53.927
At the niche race he attended in
1899, Jelnik drove under the

0251a886-9ab9-4304-8b65-131772d7dfd6-1
00:26:53.927 --> 00:26:58.850
pseudonym Mercedes Monsieur
Mercedes and many consider that

0251a886-9ab9-4304-8b65-131772d7dfd6-2
00:26:58.850 --> 00:27:03.200
race the birth of Mercedes-Benz
as a brand in 19 O1.

6b8b2675-b42a-4c7c-b7e0-30d492c6570f-0
00:27:03.240 --> 00:27:07.195
The name Mercedes was re
registered by DMG Worldwide as a

6b8b2675-b42a-4c7c-b7e0-30d492c6570f-1
00:27:07.195 --> 00:27:08.560
protected trademark.

ed727ecd-5dd1-4e83-abec-f34ef878a937-0
00:27:08.960 --> 00:27:12.898
The first Mercedes-Benz branded
vehicles were produced in 1926

ed727ecd-5dd1-4e83-abec-f34ef878a937-1
00:27:12.898 --> 00:27:16.461
following the merger of Carl
Benz and Gottlieb Daimler's

ed727ecd-5dd1-4e83-abec-f34ef878a937-2
00:27:16.461 --> 00:27:20.462
companies into the Daimler Benz
Company Company on July 28th of

ed727ecd-5dd1-4e83-abec-f34ef878a937-3
00:27:20.462 --> 00:27:21.400
that same year.

42067310-196c-4a32-ad8c-982bf59865a1-0
00:27:25.360 --> 00:27:30.580
Another fun fact, on April 6th
and 7th 1947, during a dark and

42067310-196c-4a32-ad8c-982bf59865a1-1
00:27:30.580 --> 00:27:36.048
stormy night, Henry Ford, father
of the automotive assembly line,

42067310-196c-4a32-ad8c-982bf59865a1-2
00:27:36.048 --> 00:27:41.020
died as his body was laid in
state in his vast Dearborn, MI

42067310-196c-4a32-ad8c-982bf59865a1-3
00:27:41.020 --> 00:27:41.600
estate.

3e012fab-4181-428e-b5e8-ee1ae1937fcb-0
00:27:41.920 --> 00:27:46.280
Almost 100,000 people filed by
to pay their respects.

5c831842-fe49-4b18-a388-02b753c30092-0
00:27:46.960 --> 00:27:50.833
On April 10th, in the pouring
rain, 20,000 spectators lined

5c831842-fe49-4b18-a388-02b753c30092-1
00:27:50.833 --> 00:27:54.320
the streets outside Saint Paul's
Episcopal Cathedral.

ad1f5465-abbe-4236-9ad8-e2377947d933-0
00:27:55.000 --> 00:27:59.186
Inside every leading automotive
magnate, a member of Henry S

ad1f5465-abbe-4236-9ad8-e2377947d933-1
00:27:59.186 --> 00:28:02.480
Truman's administration
assembled as if a great

ad1f5465-abbe-4236-9ad8-e2377947d933-2
00:28:02.480 --> 00:28:06.667
international statesman had
passed away as is by the pass by

ad1f5465-abbe-4236-9ad8-e2377947d933-3
00:28:06.667 --> 00:28:08.040
his funeral cortage.

a527201b-bbd3-4fab-8e87-6ad82f415b01-0
00:28:08.440 --> 00:28:12.092
Thousands of people ignored the
rain as he made his way to

a527201b-bbd3-4fab-8e87-6ad82f415b01-1
00:28:12.092 --> 00:28:13.640
Dearborn's Ford Cemetery.

8ce18576-1137-44d8-a12f-7c2372a5c736-0
00:28:14.080 --> 00:28:17.883
The only jarring note, aside
from the disappointing weather,

8ce18576-1137-44d8-a12f-7c2372a5c736-1
00:28:17.883 --> 00:28:20.440
was the car chosen to act as the
hearse.

5e884b4f-07e4-489a-a514-1af4441c7f80-0
00:28:20.680 --> 00:28:25.440
It was, for some inexplicable
reason, not a Ford, but a

5e884b4f-07e4-489a-a514-1af4441c7f80-1
00:28:25.440 --> 00:28:26.120
Packard.

130e7ead-dbc7-4bce-920f-ee8eb375a9c6-0
00:28:31.360 --> 00:28:33.560
Cultural attitudes are changing
as well.

64d79b34-7dc9-417b-b325-fd0af5994c44-0
00:28:33.840 --> 00:28:37.181
A few decades ago in the United
States, obtaining a driver's

64d79b34-7dc9-417b-b325-fd0af5994c44-1
00:28:37.181 --> 00:28:39.920
license was a rite of passage
for many teenagers.

b9b876f1-37ef-4f43-9376-7549b97af9f5-0
00:28:40.240 --> 00:28:41.080
Not anymore.

e8e3c61b-d371-4ebb-a7b6-f880d3bfc75d-0
00:28:41.840 --> 00:28:45.755
Vehicle ownership, vehicle use,
and the number of licensed teen

e8e3c61b-d371-4ebb-a7b6-f880d3bfc75d-1
00:28:45.755 --> 00:28:48.080
drivers appears to be on the
decline.

e45e2891-c446-46db-89a0-592101cea679-0
00:28:48.680 --> 00:28:52.646
I was fortunate enough to speak
to William Lasko, a former input

e45e2891-c446-46db-89a0-592101cea679-1
00:28:52.646 --> 00:28:55.942
specialist and supervisory
auditor who was a teenager

e45e2891-c446-46db-89a0-592101cea679-2
00:28:55.942 --> 00:28:58.200
during the age of American
Graffiti.

12efaea7-a1be-4878-995e-0505b885b672-0
00:28:58.560 --> 00:29:01.998
I wanted to know what it was
like to be part of the car car

12efaea7-a1be-4878-995e-0505b885b672-1
00:29:01.998 --> 00:29:05.036
culture in New York,
specifically Staten Island, the

12efaea7-a1be-4878-995e-0505b885b672-2
00:29:05.036 --> 00:29:08.589
lost borough of New York City
and one of the last truly rural

12efaea7-a1be-4878-995e-0505b885b672-3
00:29:08.589 --> 00:29:10.080
places in the big capital.

ded4753b-344e-4f8c-b168-94df013da823-0
00:29:11.440 --> 00:29:15.332
To be a teen in the 19 in the
late 1950s and early 1960s was a

ded4753b-344e-4f8c-b168-94df013da823-1
00:29:15.332 --> 00:29:19.285
time when you were considered an
oddball to reach the age of 16

ded4753b-344e-4f8c-b168-94df013da823-2
00:29:19.285 --> 00:29:22.560
and not have a driver's license
and a set of wheels.

1d4e2962-868e-4e59-b2c1-3c75f7293276-0
00:29:23.280 --> 00:29:27.288
Everyone worked on their own
cars, Craftsman tools with a go

1d4e2962-868e-4e59-b2c1-3c75f7293276-1
00:29:27.288 --> 00:29:27.880
to brand.

af7487c2-9bdf-49f1-b8b4-caeac74bd756-0
00:29:27.880 --> 00:29:30.560
And Napa wasn't just a place in
California.

0bd3b658-4de6-4272-ad21-393aecf58b0c-0
00:29:31.560 --> 00:29:34.486
Staten Island was still
developing and William and his

0bd3b658-4de6-4272-ad21-393aecf58b0c-1
00:29:34.486 --> 00:29:37.360
friends marked out the quarter
mile on Highland Blvd.

7c17afd4-06ae-45f3-9a2a-f0561c7ed445-0
00:29:37.600 --> 00:29:40.040
and then not yet completed West
Shore Expressway.

cdaefd72-6924-4c20-ba80-ba9beead01c7-0
00:29:40.720 --> 00:29:44.468
Their days were filled with
going to the A&W Root Beer,

cdaefd72-6924-4c20-ba80-ba9beead01c7-1
00:29:44.468 --> 00:29:48.403
the drive in Diner, and their
nights were filled with cruising

cdaefd72-6924-4c20-ba80-ba9beead01c7-2
00:29:48.403 --> 00:29:52.401
Mopar Alley, looking for races
or heading to the drive in movie

cdaefd72-6924-4c20-ba80-ba9beead01c7-3
00:29:52.401 --> 00:29:56.399
theater and making out while the
BLOB terrified Downington, Pai

cdaefd72-6924-4c20-ba80-ba9beead01c7-4
00:29:56.399 --> 00:29:59.960
asked William his thoughts on
the loss of the car scene.

d241b5b5-33f3-499a-b831-20f80fc9d792-0
00:30:01.080 --> 00:30:02.200
Freedom, he said.

7eab0176-c1e6-4ada-8faf-bd5eb638719b-0
00:30:02.720 --> 00:30:05.882
The cell phone has reduced the
world to a device that you can

7eab0176-c1e6-4ada-8faf-bd5eb638719b-1
00:30:05.882 --> 00:30:06.800
hold in your hand.

0a81a617-7c61-49c8-b284-04dc9698f82a-0
00:30:07.320 --> 00:30:10.712
A pick up game of baseball has
been replaced by a group session

0a81a617-7c61-49c8-b284-04dc9698f82a-1
00:30:10.712 --> 00:30:11.560
of Call of Duty.

da876470-5519-45c7-bf95-66465ee4a80b-0
00:30:12.320 --> 00:30:14.640
Visiting with school chums is
now Zoom.

04554ac3-2ef1-4d39-9b1f-f7f0ff7f5632-0
00:30:15.320 --> 00:30:18.640
Hanging out at the mall is now
shipped to your home by Amazon.

265fc7b8-7a8c-48fa-b9a8-eba2d0deb353-0
00:30:19.360 --> 00:30:22.840
One of the biggest losses is the
basic skills of automotive.

b629640c-cb0f-4c3d-b0ce-9e18a9d2f5f1-0
00:30:23.600 --> 00:30:24.800
Automotive repair.

982f9ecd-61bf-4877-8c33-2a089a6d541d-0
00:30:25.560 --> 00:30:28.803
Being able to change your own
oil, swap out an alternator or

982f9ecd-61bf-4877-8c33-2a089a6d541d-1
00:30:28.803 --> 00:30:29.920
replace a water pump.

6b80053f-d7d7-4de2-ac71-e132b30ac1be-0
00:30:30.680 --> 00:30:34.066
These teens were not rich, so
the ability to keep one's

6b80053f-d7d7-4de2-ac71-e132b30ac1be-1
00:30:34.066 --> 00:30:37.755
vehicle running on a budget was
not just a life skill, but a

6b80053f-d7d7-4de2-ac71-e132b30ac1be-2
00:30:37.755 --> 00:30:38.360
necessity.

04c2300b-1dc0-486d-9e4d-3be58778b9cf-0
00:30:39.440 --> 00:30:42.818
The cost of a quality used
vehicle fuel upkeep,

04c2300b-1dc0-486d-9e4d-3be58778b9cf-1
00:30:42.818 --> 00:30:47.183
technological over engineering
which keeps average teens from

04c2300b-1dc0-486d-9e4d-3be58778b9cf-2
00:30:47.183 --> 00:30:51.547
facilitating their own repairs,
has moved many teenagers away

04c2300b-1dc0-486d-9e4d-3be58778b9cf-3
00:30:51.547 --> 00:30:55.559
from car car ownership and move
them into rideshare use.

6da0480a-ae40-4b85-84c2-c00fc090ee57-0
00:31:00.320 --> 00:31:04.785
Travellers to Beijing, Shanghai
or New Delhi arrive armed with

6da0480a-ae40-4b85-84c2-c00fc090ee57-1
00:31:04.785 --> 00:31:08.400
not only travel and tourist apps
but weather apps.

4359b4c5-8084-431a-b160-06b19628b908-0
00:31:09.200 --> 00:31:12.479
But weather apps is well that
that monitor air quality and

4359b4c5-8084-431a-b160-06b19628b908-1
00:31:12.479 --> 00:31:15.758
pollution, advising against
stepping outdoors on days when

4359b4c5-8084-431a-b160-06b19628b908-2
00:31:15.758 --> 00:31:17.760
the air quality alerts are
sounded.

497be523-444e-4759-a22d-6450474f03b6-0
00:31:18.320 --> 00:31:21.859
These are by no means rare
occasions, yet many travellers

497be523-444e-4759-a22d-6450474f03b6-1
00:31:21.859 --> 00:31:25.398
are unaware that in the 1970s
they would have experienced

497be523-444e-4759-a22d-6450474f03b6-2
00:31:25.398 --> 00:31:26.680
similar restrictions.

acbabfd5-33fb-4ffc-b358-fc83e23d06ca-0
00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:30.626
In Los Angeles, smog is the
outcome to a variety of

acbabfd5-33fb-4ffc-b358-fc83e23d06ca-1
00:31:30.626 --> 00:31:34.671
industrial and automotive
emissions that release nitrogen

acbabfd5-33fb-4ffc-b358-fc83e23d06ca-2
00:31:34.671 --> 00:31:38.577
oxides into the atmosphere,
along with particulates and

acbabfd5-33fb-4ffc-b358-fc83e23d06ca-3
00:31:38.577 --> 00:31:42.901
other vital organic compounds
caused by the burning of fossil

acbabfd5-33fb-4ffc-b358-fc83e23d06ca-4
00:31:42.901 --> 00:31:43.320
fuels.

c0dc6781-79ca-4261-8026-a6b205ec53ae-0
00:31:43.880 --> 00:31:49.155
In LA, this issue had become a
topic of headlines as early as

c0dc6781-79ca-4261-8026-a6b205ec53ae-1
00:31:49.155 --> 00:31:53.579
the 1940s, just as
industrialization and auto sales

c0dc6781-79ca-4261-8026-a6b205ec53ae-2
00:31:53.579 --> 00:31:58.600
were starting to ratchet up
progressively since the 1990s.

bf9235cf-cca3-48c0-998e-5b26a7bfe7c6-0
00:31:58.680 --> 00:32:02.144
For those who were still
driving, the experience was

bf9235cf-cca3-48c0-998e-5b26a7bfe7c6-1
00:32:02.144 --> 00:32:05.806
becoming increasingly less
rewarding and consuming more

bf9235cf-cca3-48c0-998e-5b26a7bfe7c6-2
00:32:05.806 --> 00:32:09.924
time getting to work became more
tolerable when an increase in

bf9235cf-cca3-48c0-998e-5b26a7bfe7c6-3
00:32:09.924 --> 00:32:13.651
roadway length and vehicle
capacity meant that lengthier

bf9235cf-cca3-48c0-998e-5b26a7bfe7c6-4
00:32:13.651 --> 00:32:16.920
commutes were bogged down by
unacceptable delays.

49fa93aa-100b-42a1-9040-94f25cd7cba7-0
00:32:17.800 --> 00:32:21.348
However, after 1990,
notwithstanding efforts to

49fa93aa-100b-42a1-9040-94f25cd7cba7-1
00:32:21.348 --> 00:32:26.080
improve highway capacity, travel
durations started to increase.

ef5cbbb9-69b5-4cd7-8055-352a77a79559-0
00:32:26.960 --> 00:32:32.216
By 2011, the average American
spent 1.17 hours each day in his

ef5cbbb9-69b5-4cd7-8055-352a77a79559-1
00:32:32.216 --> 00:32:37.388
or her car, and urban commuters
lost an estimated 5.5 billion

ef5cbbb9-69b5-4cd7-8055-352a77a79559-2
00:32:37.388 --> 00:32:41.560
hours annually, or a lost week
for each motorist.

a457df91-b00b-4c18-a55d-090c397cc312-0
00:32:42.000 --> 00:32:45.977
These frustrations did not stop
once the threshold for tolerable

a457df91-b00b-4c18-a55d-090c397cc312-1
00:32:45.977 --> 00:32:49.465
time and distance spent
commuting had been passed at the

a457df91-b00b-4c18-a55d-090c397cc312-2
00:32:49.465 --> 00:32:50.200
destination.

df4d60bc-3c5a-4120-9e50-68593d27341f-0
00:32:50.480 --> 00:32:53.440
Finding affordable parking in
many cities is a chore.

c6f2f4c8-a0e4-474f-87b7-c8eb52e730c9-0
00:32:53.720 --> 00:32:57.916
Overall, there is a growing non
financial disincentive to use

c6f2f4c8-a0e4-474f-87b7-c8eb52e730c9-1
00:32:57.916 --> 00:32:59.880
personal transport in cities.

313592c3-9982-4fc1-8f9e-6cc4e4a66ccd-0
00:33:00.520 --> 00:33:04.170
Besides time spent in traffic,
there is an increase in

313592c3-9982-4fc1-8f9e-6cc4e4a66ccd-1
00:33:04.170 --> 00:33:07.952
emissions as hundreds of
vehicles idle at lights waiting

313592c3-9982-4fc1-8f9e-6cc4e4a66ccd-2
00:33:07.952 --> 00:33:09.280
for parking to open.

f3e1c84d-c863-42c7-a5c5-d756337e78bb-0
00:33:09.800 --> 00:33:12.881
Some of the tailpipe emissions
and fuel waste have been

f3e1c84d-c863-42c7-a5c5-d756337e78bb-1
00:33:12.881 --> 00:33:16.019
alleviated by the advent of
hybrid START and GO systems,

f3e1c84d-c863-42c7-a5c5-d756337e78bb-2
00:33:16.019 --> 00:33:17.560
which we will discuss later.

13fb7cd0-553b-4744-87f7-0423797d18ca-0
00:33:21.040 --> 00:33:25.262
In 1967, Governor Ronald Reagan
established the California Air

13fb7cd0-553b-4744-87f7-0423797d18ca-1
00:33:25.262 --> 00:33:28.480
Resource Board to tackle the
problem statewide.

17b31aca-7f12-4543-8ecc-d99942e05f22-0
00:33:29.160 --> 00:33:32.577
Because of the acute nature of
the problem, California was

17b31aca-7f12-4543-8ecc-d99942e05f22-1
00:33:32.577 --> 00:33:36.110
granted a waiver to depart from
national regulatory norms to

17b31aca-7f12-4543-8ecc-d99942e05f22-2
00:33:36.110 --> 00:33:38.080
advance more stringent
standards.

29b04c33-0d7b-4f49-9880-b98f7420da61-0
00:33:38.640 --> 00:33:42.937
Progressively, pollutants from a
host of sources was targeted for

29b04c33-0d7b-4f49-9880-b98f7420da61-1
00:33:42.937 --> 00:33:44.240
reduction over time.

16872656-cb3f-4821-8dd2-b070834f1101-0
00:33:44.400 --> 00:33:47.647
California embraced the most
stringent automotive emission

16872656-cb3f-4821-8dd2-b070834f1101-1
00:33:47.647 --> 00:33:49.960
standards of any region around
the world.

78f3aacd-8002-4727-bc95-beb2d0903573-0
00:33:50.760 --> 00:33:51.920
Uniquely among U.S.

70ef58b5-6d4f-44a5-be9c-4ef16fcb3392-0
00:33:51.920 --> 00:33:56.296
states, California also issued
automakers a mandate to supply a

70ef58b5-6d4f-44a5-be9c-4ef16fcb3392-1
00:33:56.296 --> 00:34:00.535
small fraction of their sales,
usually electric vehicles with

70ef58b5-6d4f-44a5-be9c-4ef16fcb3392-2
00:34:00.535 --> 00:34:02.040
no tailpipe emissions.

3eed752f-b7a0-426c-aff4-7cb3e67c9852-0
00:34:03.160 --> 00:34:06.782
This mandate was intended to
foster research and development

3eed752f-b7a0-426c-aff4-7cb3e67c9852-1
00:34:06.782 --> 00:34:10.345
in the industry and to promote
the development and sales of

3eed752f-b7a0-426c-aff4-7cb3e67c9852-2
00:34:10.345 --> 00:34:10.879
electric.

6eb28b72-101c-46ea-b77c-4f6963bb5b0c-0
00:34:11.560 --> 00:34:15.466
Although the 0 emission vehicle
requirements had little effect,

6eb28b72-101c-46ea-b77c-4f6963bb5b0c-1
00:34:15.466 --> 00:34:19.251
these efforts did slow the air
quality deterioration over the

6eb28b72-101c-46ea-b77c-4f6963bb5b0c-2
00:34:19.251 --> 00:34:22.120
next few decades and even
offered some relief.

ec07bf00-776b-414d-a94e-39a857db3840-0
00:34:22.480 --> 00:34:27.328
In 1979, levels of ozone, a
major contributor to smog,

ec07bf00-776b-414d-a94e-39a857db3840-1
00:34:27.328 --> 00:34:32.000
exceeded the current norms on
234 days of that year.

c65e52f2-f774-4209-9544-80254188a6b0-0
00:34:32.440 --> 00:34:37.280
By 2015, that threshold was only
exceeded on 67 days.

c83c0987-0762-4344-b691-1ca56e10ed78-0
00:34:40.600 --> 00:34:44.410
The Air Pollution Control Act of
1955 was the first federal

c83c0987-0762-4344-b691-1ca56e10ed78-1
00:34:44.410 --> 00:34:46.760
legislation involving air
pollution.

93b5c835-b28b-4b9a-8582-0171988e0ec3-0
00:34:47.280 --> 00:34:50.073
This act provided funds for
federal research and air

93b5c835-b28b-4b9a-8582-0171988e0ec3-1
00:34:50.073 --> 00:34:50.600
pollution.

8f83da35-364c-4b60-be9c-03ab6c2f8d74-0
00:34:51.080 --> 00:34:54.810
The Clean Air Act of 1963 was
the first federal legislation

8f83da35-364c-4b60-be9c-03ab6c2f8d74-1
00:34:54.810 --> 00:34:56.800
regarding air pollution control.

c766424b-b6ac-4bba-9c33-fcc662b000dd-0
00:34:57.160 --> 00:35:00.036
An established federal An
established federal program

c766424b-b6ac-4bba-9c33-fcc662b000dd-1
00:35:00.036 --> 00:35:03.391
within the United States Public
Health Service that authorized

c766424b-b6ac-4bba-9c33-fcc662b000dd-2
00:35:03.391 --> 00:35:06.587
research into techniques for
monitoring and controlling air

c766424b-b6ac-4bba-9c33-fcc662b000dd-3
00:35:06.587 --> 00:35:07.119
pollution.

146e5c15-71f4-468c-908c-677899876eb8-0
00:35:08.040 --> 00:35:12.650
1967 the Air Quality Act was
enacted in order to expand

146e5c15-71f4-468c-908c-677899876eb8-1
00:35:12.650 --> 00:35:15.120
federal government activities.

61178ffd-8e57-4080-b319-b78d6c25ba29-0
00:35:15.600 --> 00:35:18.919
In accordance with this, law
enforcement proceedings were

61178ffd-8e57-4080-b319-b78d6c25ba29-1
00:35:18.919 --> 00:35:22.067
initiated in areas subject to
Interstate air pollution

61178ffd-8e57-4080-b319-b78d6c25ba29-2
00:35:22.067 --> 00:35:22.640
transport.

2688f824-6200-4144-909e-22387d9a0dd7-0
00:35:23.320 --> 00:35:27.003
As part of these proceedings,
the federal government for the

2688f824-6200-4144-909e-22387d9a0dd7-1
00:35:27.003 --> 00:35:30.748
first time conducted extensive
ambient monitoring studies and

2688f824-6200-4144-909e-22387d9a0dd7-2
00:35:30.748 --> 00:35:32.560
stationary source inspections.

335227c8-a0d6-46e3-893a-0e9fa386620a-0
00:35:33.360 --> 00:35:38.100
The Air Quality Act of 1967 also
authorized expanded studies of

335227c8-a0d6-46e3-893a-0e9fa386620a-1
00:35:38.100 --> 00:35:42.247
air pollutant emissions
inventories, ambient monitoring

335227c8-a0d6-46e3-893a-0e9fa386620a-2
00:35:42.247 --> 00:35:44.840
techniques and control
techniques.

4eb35642-9aa6-4aa3-a7cf-6089e75b2d04-0
00:35:49.160 --> 00:35:53.402
The iconic London double Decker
bus are are faithful icons on

4eb35642-9aa6-4aa3-a7cf-6089e75b2d04-1
00:35:53.402 --> 00:35:57.440
picture postcards still popular
with tourists to the city.

9a921c82-7e8c-4a6d-b71a-27ba4abe373a-0
00:35:57.960 --> 00:36:01.160
But behind this quaint vehicle
is a much larger story

9a921c82-7e8c-4a6d-b71a-27ba4abe373a-1
00:36:01.160 --> 00:36:04.776
suggesting how cities might
address their urban mobility and

9a921c82-7e8c-4a6d-b71a-27ba4abe373a-2
00:36:04.776 --> 00:36:06.080
congestion challenges.

729b0229-1c44-4351-9d77-a358f5673f75-0
00:36:07.000 --> 00:36:10.335
A large part of the city's
physical infrastructure has

729b0229-1c44-4351-9d77-a358f5673f75-1
00:36:10.335 --> 00:36:12.640
roots that go back several
centuries.

b80f4486-f97b-47bf-b4a9-6e5a8e0092be-0
00:36:13.720 --> 00:36:18.115
The London roads date back to
medieval times, the tube lines

b80f4486-f97b-47bf-b4a9-6e5a8e0092be-1
00:36:18.115 --> 00:36:22.510
to the 1800s, and the river bus
service to the reign of King

b80f4486-f97b-47bf-b4a9-6e5a8e0092be-2
00:36:22.510 --> 00:36:24.240
Richard the 1st in 1197.

caef5317-eaa8-44e7-a057-a78444c0cefe-0
00:36:24.640 --> 00:36:27.000
No wonder the foreign tourists
slapped this stuff up.

49ad5224-3bc8-40c5-a89b-76b15aa14b91-0
00:36:28.560 --> 00:36:32.137
But London began to manage
vehicular traffic mainly because

49ad5224-3bc8-40c5-a89b-76b15aa14b91-1
00:36:32.137 --> 00:36:35.356
of congestion and pollution
policy and pricing played

49ad5224-3bc8-40c5-a89b-76b15aa14b91-2
00:36:35.356 --> 00:36:37.920
important roles in making the
system work.

45c8a9a4-9783-4c7e-83d5-8d912c5bd389-0
00:36:38.880 --> 00:36:43.160
2003 London garnered global
attention by imposing a

45c8a9a4-9783-4c7e-83d5-8d912c5bd389-1
00:36:43.160 --> 00:36:48.428
congestion charge for vehicles
entering the central area of the

45c8a9a4-9783-4c7e-83d5-8d912c5bd389-2
00:36:48.428 --> 00:36:48.840
city.

45225d86-ad1e-433c-b6b2-2a4e86d39d06-0
00:36:49.160 --> 00:36:53.534
While relatively unpopular at
the time, the 5 LB daily charge

45225d86-ad1e-433c-b6b2-2a4e86d39d06-1
00:36:53.534 --> 00:36:57.626
for any car or van entering
central London had a dramatic

45225d86-ad1e-433c-b6b2-2a4e86d39d06-2
00:36:57.626 --> 00:36:58.120
effect.

83161f25-7cdb-4596-81de-23bd7504b834-0
00:36:58.920 --> 00:37:02.800
While many complained to seeing
yet another tax to existing Rd.

f4191545-8e06-4f2a-a3c4-95358b13c1c2-0
00:37:02.800 --> 00:37:06.971
use charges, all funds received
from the new tax would be

f4191545-8e06-4f2a-a3c4-95358b13c1c2-1
00:37:06.971 --> 00:37:10.280
reinvested in public
transportation services.

012098b9-59ed-4c1f-8cbc-e81f44a2078d-0
00:37:11.920 --> 00:37:16.124
As a result of these measures,
vehicular traffic dropped by

012098b9-59ed-4c1f-8cbc-e81f44a2078d-1
00:37:16.124 --> 00:37:20.540
1/6, traffic delays were reduced
and air quality improved, and

012098b9-59ed-4c1f-8cbc-e81f44a2078d-2
00:37:20.540 --> 00:37:24.604
currently, London altered
commuter behavior and catalyzed

012098b9-59ed-4c1f-8cbc-e81f44a2078d-3
00:37:24.604 --> 00:37:29.160
modal shifts through control of
capacity and pricing of parking.

e0a2ea92-c920-41b2-8fce-9c0a83eafe8f-0
00:37:29.920 --> 00:37:34.634
For example, in London's Canary
Wharf business district, parking

e0a2ea92-c920-41b2-8fce-9c0a83eafe8f-1
00:37:34.634 --> 00:37:38.913
capacity was limited to fewer
than 5000 spaces to serve an

e0a2ea92-c920-41b2-8fce-9c0a83eafe8f-2
00:37:38.913 --> 00:37:43.120
estimated working population of
more than 100,000 people.

5a157af3-fa4b-404d-9d02-712e96b37812-0
00:37:47.840 --> 00:37:51.313
Sometimes all it takes is a
different perspective on the

5a157af3-fa4b-404d-9d02-712e96b37812-1
00:37:51.313 --> 00:37:53.080
challenges to trigger change.

5e47d941-0333-4c93-8c8d-427aa2562c9b-0
00:37:53.880 --> 00:37:57.763
When Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin landed on the Moon in

5e47d941-0333-4c93-8c8d-427aa2562c9b-1
00:37:57.763 --> 00:38:01.847
1969, their pictures of Earth
shot from space had a dramatic

5e47d941-0333-4c93-8c8d-427aa2562c9b-2
00:38:01.847 --> 00:38:06.200
effect on a world still awed by
the unleashing of nuclear power.

735b5c5b-e78b-43fc-a157-2ee8b9d74661-0
00:38:06.720 --> 00:38:10.775
These photographs conveyed the
image of a delicate blue planet,

735b5c5b-e78b-43fc-a157-2ee8b9d74661-1
00:38:10.775 --> 00:38:12.360
a view previously unseen.

1ff4cda7-e8ea-447c-9407-9227890c51ad-0
00:38:13.520 --> 00:38:16.526
Viewed from the vastness of
space, Earth did not seem

1ff4cda7-e8ea-447c-9407-9227890c51ad-1
00:38:16.526 --> 00:38:18.920
imposing, but rather it looked
vulnerable.

c245a723-8a83-4b7f-90d8-32e19e51e9f0-0
00:38:23.800 --> 00:38:27.413
By 1967, both the United States
and the United Kingdom had

c245a723-8a83-4b7f-90d8-32e19e51e9f0-1
00:38:27.413 --> 00:38:31.088
enacted their own versions of
legislation, their respective

c245a723-8a83-4b7f-90d8-32e19e51e9f0-2
00:38:31.088 --> 00:38:34.946
Clean Air Acts, to address the
combination of smog, sources of

c245a723-8a83-4b7f-90d8-32e19e51e9f0-3
00:38:34.946 --> 00:38:36.599
pollution, and air quality.

6958f828-f05c-4ed4-8f6d-780f60d3b197-0
00:38:36.960 --> 00:38:40.522
But how, apart from taxation and
public service announcements,

6958f828-f05c-4ed4-8f6d-780f60d3b197-1
00:38:40.522 --> 00:38:43.633
was the United States going to
bring the idea of earth

6958f828-f05c-4ed4-8f6d-780f60d3b197-2
00:38:43.633 --> 00:38:45.160
conservation to the masses?

4e06bb41-f903-4533-b972-aab397f97aff-0
00:38:45.800 --> 00:38:50.080
Earth Day and a slightly shyer
Big Brother, Arbor Day.

3820573e-13c6-4b6c-907f-909c4d126090-0
00:38:50.880 --> 00:38:54.018
Although they appear to be the
same, there is a difference

3820573e-13c6-4b6c-907f-909c4d126090-1
00:38:54.018 --> 00:38:55.880
between these two well known
days.

094fcaf6-c942-4e51-ac11-ea782c4370e2-0
00:38:56.520 --> 00:38:59.920
Arbor Day's purpose is to plant
more trees in the community.

af4ada36-5995-4a62-af6d-a9562f831ad1-0
00:39:00.400 --> 00:39:03.700
Well, Earth Day's purpose is to
bring attention to the condition

af4ada36-5995-4a62-af6d-a9562f831ad1-1
00:39:03.700 --> 00:39:06.240
of the environment and what we
can do to help it.

c665f3df-69d9-48e6-bd27-b1aef841846b-0
00:39:07.600 --> 00:39:12.465
The first American Arbor Day was
originated by J Sterling Morton

c665f3df-69d9-48e6-bd27-b1aef841846b-1
00:39:12.465 --> 00:39:16.807
of Nebraska City, NE at an
annual meeting of the Nebraska

c665f3df-69d9-48e6-bd27-b1aef841846b-2
00:39:16.807 --> 00:39:20.400
State Board of Agriculture on
April 10th, 1872.

8fef9678-a060-419f-8901-49336d7a1d6a-0
00:39:20.440 --> 00:39:24.200
An estimated 1,000,000 trees
were planted in in Nebraska.

34835f63-d863-4891-81e9-a1294de03f8a-0
00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.191
Popularity as Earth Day became
more and more popular The first

34835f63-d863-4891-81e9-a1294de03f8a-1
00:39:34.191 --> 00:39:37.452
Earth Day was celebrated on
April 22nd, 1970 and

34835f63-d863-4891-81e9-a1294de03f8a-2
00:39:37.452 --> 00:39:40.978
successfully galvanized wider
public interest in the

34835f63-d863-4891-81e9-a1294de03f8a-3
00:39:40.978 --> 00:39:43.640
environment in many parts of the
world.

f03c0feb-6617-4ba8-8212-48b1e655fb1c-0
00:39:44.320 --> 00:39:48.257
Arbor Day is still celebrated in
the United States on the last

f03c0feb-6617-4ba8-8212-48b1e655fb1c-1
00:39:48.257 --> 00:39:52.320
Friday of April, while Earth Day
is held annually on April 22nd.

5b16c7f3-0e67-4881-b0ef-c66af032e6cf-0
00:39:58.720 --> 00:40:02.770
The Paris Accords have led to a
new set of internal targets to

5b16c7f3-0e67-4881-b0ef-c66af032e6cf-1
00:40:02.770 --> 00:40:05.920
be cascaded by respective
signatory governments.

9442d3a3-e4eb-49bf-9546-343c101665a3-0
00:40:06.320 --> 00:40:12.171
Compared to 1990 levels, the EU
pledges to cut its emissions by

9442d3a3-e4eb-49bf-9546-343c101665a3-1
00:40:12.171 --> 00:40:13.360
40% by 20-30.

e8180291-86ec-4a7a-9ee4-b807e03d482a-0
00:40:13.920 --> 00:40:19.234
The United States pledged to
trim its emissions by 26 to 28%

e8180291-86ec-4a7a-9ee4-b807e03d482a-1
00:40:19.234 --> 00:40:22.720
by 2025, compared to their 2005
levels.

2f8154b9-713b-4040-8f03-dad8f4aea3d8-0
00:40:23.600 --> 00:40:27.555
China, still developing its
industrial base, has pledged to

2f8154b9-713b-4040-8f03-dad8f4aea3d8-1
00:40:27.555 --> 00:40:31.444
allow its emissions to peak by
20-30 and then decline from

2f8154b9-713b-4040-8f03-dad8f4aea3d8-2
00:40:31.444 --> 00:40:31.840
there.

13f32219-f399-4a30-8c42-909c86a95e76-0
00:40:32.280 --> 00:40:35.356
If these commitments are met,
and there are many reasons to

13f32219-f399-4a30-8c42-909c86a95e76-1
00:40:35.356 --> 00:40:38.280
doubt that they will be, there
is still a good chance of

13f32219-f399-4a30-8c42-909c86a95e76-2
00:40:38.280 --> 00:40:41.613
holding back global temperature
rise to within limits thought to

13f32219-f399-4a30-8c42-909c86a95e76-3
00:40:41.613 --> 00:40:42.280
be tolerable.

e38bb1ec-4c1b-4126-bc43-da1ae8e84bfa-0
00:40:43.400 --> 00:40:46.840
Global effort to reach these
goals are expected to have a

e38bb1ec-4c1b-4126-bc43-da1ae8e84bfa-1
00:40:46.840 --> 00:40:50.161
significant impact on the
transport sector and the auto

e38bb1ec-4c1b-4126-bc43-da1ae8e84bfa-2
00:40:50.161 --> 00:40:52.000
industry in the coming decades.

2c152f3c-a111-40ca-93e2-65c5af5d32c9-0
00:40:58.480 --> 00:41:01.495
Any blueprint for a greener
future needs to be

2c152f3c-a111-40ca-93e2-65c5af5d32c9-1
00:41:01.495 --> 00:41:05.666
comprehensive, far reaching, and
show itself extremely useful to

2c152f3c-a111-40ca-93e2-65c5af5d32c9-2
00:41:05.666 --> 00:41:09.772
displaced ingrained systems and
standards that from the surface

2c152f3c-a111-40ca-93e2-65c5af5d32c9-3
00:41:09.772 --> 00:41:11.120
appear tough to beat.

5b5c6f20-c6c9-485a-8a8c-116b36214b67-0
00:41:11.920 --> 00:41:16.016
Big Oil, as the name suggests,
has no plans for releasing their

5b5c6f20-c6c9-485a-8a8c-116b36214b67-1
00:41:16.016 --> 00:41:18.000
grip upon the American gas cap.

0bdfba09-9822-4b7a-9b8f-f9aa64a8f623-0
00:41:18.640 --> 00:41:21.910
If there is a constant push
against increased use of

0bdfba09-9822-4b7a-9b8f-f9aa64a8f623-1
00:41:21.910 --> 00:41:25.675
sustainable energy sources such
as global thermal, solar and

0bdfba09-9822-4b7a-9b8f-f9aa64a8f623-2
00:41:25.675 --> 00:41:29.193
wind power to generate the
electricity which will become

0bdfba09-9822-4b7a-9b8f-f9aa64a8f623-3
00:41:29.193 --> 00:41:33.081
the motive force for vehicles of
the future, future automotive

0bdfba09-9822-4b7a-9b8f-f9aa64a8f623-4
00:41:33.081 --> 00:41:35.919
advances will always come in
drips and drabs.

465c6c94-8c81-403f-b476-380502caf837-0
00:41:36.800 --> 00:41:40.333
This is especially true in
emerging economies where large

465c6c94-8c81-403f-b476-380502caf837-1
00:41:40.333 --> 00:41:44.353
sale and large scale investments
may not have broken even against

465c6c94-8c81-403f-b476-380502caf837-2
00:41:44.353 --> 00:41:46.120
their initial financial cost.

e65c4e78-d3b5-46d5-92c3-0835d8f7124a-0
00:41:46.520 --> 00:41:50.629
It may be difficult for these
economies to justify the outlay

e65c4e78-d3b5-46d5-92c3-0835d8f7124a-1
00:41:50.629 --> 00:41:53.480
of additional funds into new
technologies.

69cedfad-7777-4429-b1bf-acb15d0cb73c-0
00:41:59.120 --> 00:42:02.797
Unlike Europe and Japan, where
taxes on fuel rose, the United

69cedfad-7777-4429-b1bf-acb15d0cb73c-1
00:42:02.797 --> 00:42:06.296
States, for its own political
and social reasons, chose to

69cedfad-7777-4429-b1bf-acb15d0cb73c-2
00:42:06.296 --> 00:42:07.720
pursue a different path.

89dd37b4-587b-46e8-8ce6-583226f57e62-0
00:42:08.400 --> 00:42:11.920
Successive successive
administrations have always been

89dd37b4-587b-46e8-8ce6-583226f57e62-1
00:42:11.920 --> 00:42:15.952
wary of average citizens voting
out any government that sought

89dd37b4-587b-46e8-8ce6-583226f57e62-2
00:42:15.952 --> 00:42:18.000
to impose additional fuel taxes.

96f57287-7315-4e6f-a83f-b31baa06d11e-0
00:42:18.480 --> 00:42:21.160
This approach would have lasting
consequences.

e340a464-2fa5-4812-8ca4-671b19fb8dc7-0
00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:26.852
By 2016, taxes on auto fuel in
Germany approximated 50% of the

e340a464-2fa5-4812-8ca4-671b19fb8dc7-1
00:42:26.852 --> 00:42:31.320
retail price, compared to about
11% in the United States.

b0f19459-6225-4726-91b3-781f75d720c9-0
00:42:31.720 --> 00:42:35.665
Because of this, vehicles in
Germany tend to be one smaller

b0f19459-6225-4726-91b3-781f75d720c9-1
00:42:35.665 --> 00:42:39.676
and more efficient two, annual
transmission versus automatic

b0f19459-6225-4726-91b3-781f75d720c9-2
00:42:39.676 --> 00:42:43.556
transmission, which allows a
better control of the engines

b0f19459-6225-4726-91b3-781f75d720c9-3
00:42:43.556 --> 00:42:44.280
efficiency.

4599796b-759a-4435-8ed5-2110d83bb50a-0
00:42:45.080 --> 00:42:47.720
And three, diesel versus
gasoline.

f98f14c0-754c-4aaf-b9bc-8abfa1ec82e5-0
00:42:48.520 --> 00:42:52.497
Again, because diesel is a more
efficient fuel and with the

f98f14c0-754c-4aaf-b9bc-8abfa1ec82e5-1
00:42:52.497 --> 00:42:56.408
invention of diesel particulate
filters and diesel exhaust

f98f14c0-754c-4aaf-b9bc-8abfa1ec82e5-2
00:42:56.408 --> 00:43:00.518
fluids, which are consumed in a
selective catalytic reduction

f98f14c0-754c-4aaf-b9bc-8abfa1ec82e5-3
00:43:00.518 --> 00:43:04.164
system that lowers the
concentration of nitrogen oxide

f98f14c0-754c-4aaf-b9bc-8abfa1ec82e5-4
00:43:04.164 --> 00:43:08.142
and diesel exhaust, diesel
engines are in many ways cleaner

f98f14c0-754c-4aaf-b9bc-8abfa1ec82e5-5
00:43:08.142 --> 00:43:12.120
than traditional gas engines
favoured in the United States.

b9c27700-3bad-44b2-a212-b0587e7f7401-0
00:43:19.270 --> 00:43:24.340
In 1950, the average car sold
for about 45% of average annual

b9c27700-3bad-44b2-a212-b0587e7f7401-1
00:43:24.340 --> 00:43:29.492
family income, but by 2014, the
equivalent family had to spend

b9c27700-3bad-44b2-a212-b0587e7f7401-2
00:43:29.492 --> 00:43:32.600
61% of its annual income for the
car.

23473620-a73f-4daf-8a52-46e875d926ff-0
00:43:33.000 --> 00:43:36.686
The average American family
spent almost 50% more on

23473620-a73f-4daf-8a52-46e875d926ff-1
00:43:36.686 --> 00:43:41.000
transportation, almost $9000
annually, than they did on food.

ddab5c16-f02c-4e84-929a-35ac90a313dd-0
00:43:41.400 --> 00:43:45.354
Even for those financially
comfortable in the middle income

ddab5c16-f02c-4e84-929a-35ac90a313dd-1
00:43:45.354 --> 00:43:49.046
segments, transportation costs
accounted for almost 1/5

ddab5c16-f02c-4e84-929a-35ac90a313dd-2
00:43:49.046 --> 00:43:50.760
household's entire income.

83e49495-7f6b-40ba-9e0f-39163460fe81-0
00:43:51.520 --> 00:43:54.160
Economics play a role in other
ways as well.

2134d1a9-f97e-4e1e-b66c-adb8ad377651-0
00:43:54.600 --> 00:43:57.942
In many countries, taxing and
other fees related to owning and

2134d1a9-f97e-4e1e-b66c-adb8ad377651-1
00:43:57.942 --> 00:43:59.800
operating cars have been
climbing.

7abe6eec-4ca6-4ea6-bf75-1ae67c698114-0
00:44:00.560 --> 00:44:04.773
Japan has been aggressed, has
been particularly aggressive

7abe6eec-4ca6-4ea6-bf75-1ae67c698114-1
00:44:04.773 --> 00:44:09.271
approached approaching this by
taxing cars that do not conform

7abe6eec-4ca6-4ea6-bf75-1ae67c698114-2
00:44:09.271 --> 00:44:11.200
to their mini car category.

21f45125-495c-41f8-b4c7-c75e7b3475e7-0
00:44:11.640 --> 00:44:14.658
Now this has created some unique
classification issues here for

21f45125-495c-41f8-b4c7-c75e7b3475e7-1
00:44:14.658 --> 00:44:14.800
us.

dd05f0a7-1a4c-41d3-ba42-c4a3e33dd5a6-0
00:44:14.800 --> 00:44:19.185
In the United States, importers
commonly see the smaller than

dd05f0a7-1a4c-41d3-ba42-c4a3e33dd5a6-1
00:44:19.185 --> 00:44:23.853
average vehicles, both cargo and
passenger, as being designed for

dd05f0a7-1a4c-41d3-ba42-c4a3e33dd5a6-2
00:44:23.853 --> 00:44:25.480
off road non public Rd.

d04e99ca-eade-41ab-bce9-6525c16ff419-0
00:44:25.480 --> 00:44:28.320
use because of their size and
limited engine size.

75af1e08-d613-47fa-a105-d0508a59f1b8-0
00:44:28.960 --> 00:44:30.120
This is not true.

eeb3d43a-7848-48f5-9406-170ecf3f314b-0
00:44:30.360 --> 00:44:32.360
These are for the most part, Rd.

043c64db-85df-41a0-8be4-4364fbb0ccb9-0
00:44:32.360 --> 00:44:36.086
vehicles and as such are subject
to the same standards as other

043c64db-85df-41a0-8be4-4364fbb0ccb9-1
00:44:36.086 --> 00:44:36.960
motor vehicles.

f4ffd37d-b82b-46de-a377-6508e38b9022-0
00:44:38.040 --> 00:44:41.688
This trend of smaller, more
efficient vehicles is also a

f4ffd37d-b82b-46de-a377-6508e38b9022-1
00:44:41.688 --> 00:44:45.656
factor in Europe too, where car
owners pay well over 10 times

f4ffd37d-b82b-46de-a377-6508e38b9022-2
00:44:45.656 --> 00:44:49.752
the level of taxes for private
car ownership than in the United

f4ffd37d-b82b-46de-a377-6508e38b9022-3
00:44:49.752 --> 00:44:50.200
States.

f4e5639f-2dff-4810-a50d-fcb6a125daee-0
00:44:50.600 --> 00:44:54.654
This era, this era of depressed
economies and climbing costs for

f4e5639f-2dff-4810-a50d-fcb6a125daee-1
00:44:54.654 --> 00:44:58.646
car ownership does not bode well
for personal vehicle ownership

f4e5639f-2dff-4810-a50d-fcb6a125daee-2
00:44:58.646 --> 00:44:59.520
in the future.

977f045a-20c4-40c5-9b83-dfe289aef653-0
00:45:04.680 --> 00:45:10.040
Here we had a 1993 Subaru
sandbar or Japanese K truck.

4b041d5f-6dc7-4a22-81a0-fc264f14d15c-0
00:45:10.520 --> 00:45:13.841
It was designed to meet the
stringent Japanese standards to

4b041d5f-6dc7-4a22-81a0-fc264f14d15c-1
00:45:13.841 --> 00:45:16.000
avoid the extra tax on large
vehicles.

aedf3525-38e8-4afb-8c42-d31547092555-0
00:45:16.480 --> 00:45:19.240
This vehicle was designed to
operate on public roads.

53302ab7-9ee5-4ac8-a52c-51a01d43fb1d-0
00:45:19.400 --> 00:45:23.041
It was equipped with safety
equipment such as seatbelts,

53302ab7-9ee5-4ac8-a52c-51a01d43fb1d-1
00:45:23.041 --> 00:45:26.875
mirrors, horns and signals
usually imported into the United

53302ab7-9ee5-4ac8-a52c-51a01d43fb1d-2
00:45:26.875 --> 00:45:30.964
States after it's past 25 years
in order to avoid complications

53302ab7-9ee5-4ac8-a52c-51a01d43fb1d-3
00:45:30.964 --> 00:45:34.734
arising from the motor vehicle
safety stand motor vehicles

53302ab7-9ee5-4ac8-a52c-51a01d43fb1d-4
00:45:34.734 --> 00:45:38.439
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety
Standards and EPA standards.

1bcee05e-ec67-48cd-88f9-7e1fec7da487-0
00:45:38.760 --> 00:45:42.962
They are usually used in parks,
campuses to move maintenance and

1bcee05e-ec67-48cd-88f9-7e1fec7da487-1
00:45:42.962 --> 00:45:46.648
landscaping crews around areas
that tend to have smaller

1bcee05e-ec67-48cd-88f9-7e1fec7da487-2
00:45:46.648 --> 00:45:50.592
pedestrian sized walkways and
some small business owners who

1bcee05e-ec67-48cd-88f9-7e1fec7da487-3
00:45:50.592 --> 00:45:54.601
require cargo transports but
don't have the funds to maintain

1bcee05e-ec67-48cd-88f9-7e1fec7da487-4
00:45:54.601 --> 00:45:56.800
a fleet of American size
pickups.

5e9919e1-0e92-4ae3-ab8d-bfbdd46b18ac-0
00:45:57.840 --> 00:46:01.517
Now in this case, the the
quarter of record wanted the

5e9919e1-0e92-4ae3-ab8d-bfbdd46b18ac-1
00:46:01.517 --> 00:46:05.863
vehicle to be considered a quote
work truck of 87 O 9 because if

5e9919e1-0e92-4ae3-ab8d-bfbdd46b18ac-2
00:46:05.863 --> 00:46:10.008
it's smaller size and limited
usage on US highways, there's a

5e9919e1-0e92-4ae3-ab8d-bfbdd46b18ac-3
00:46:10.008 --> 00:46:13.752
three-part test that all
vehicles of 87 O 9 must be put

5e9919e1-0e92-4ae3-ab8d-bfbdd46b18ac-4
00:46:13.752 --> 00:46:16.360
to and this failed on multiple
fronts.

3348d768-22c0-4fa1-8fb8-cff5812788c1-0
00:46:16.760 --> 00:46:20.560
Ultimately it was appropriately
classified in 87 O 4.

8c648127-ff24-470b-a4ec-8109a94ba63d-0
00:46:27.080 --> 00:46:31.520
Here we had a 2024 Dihatsu High
Jet Mini dumper.

b01d48d4-884c-452d-b1bd-65843b8bf36e-0
00:46:31.800 --> 00:46:35.709
In an e-mail to the importer we
requested an engineering report

b01d48d4-884c-452d-b1bd-65843b8bf36e-1
00:46:35.709 --> 00:46:39.374
showing how these vehicles had
been modified to be off road

b01d48d4-884c-452d-b1bd-65843b8bf36e-2
00:46:39.374 --> 00:46:39.680
only.

c2365bbe-0640-474b-9d1f-b30c56bc1c64-0
00:46:40.320 --> 00:46:44.388
The importer only provided and
did not did not provide any

c2365bbe-0640-474b-9d1f-b30c56bc1c64-1
00:46:44.388 --> 00:46:48.457
engineering report, but stated
that the engines horsepower

c2365bbe-0640-474b-9d1f-b30c56bc1c64-2
00:46:48.457 --> 00:46:52.594
didn't exceed 30 kilowatts and
the vehicle cannot exceed 20

c2365bbe-0640-474b-9d1f-b30c56bc1c64-3
00:46:52.594 --> 00:46:53.560
miles an hour.

94a9a2bf-d422-4c3a-a973-80aa96a60f4d-0
00:46:54.440 --> 00:46:57.610
The vehicle was not equipped
with turn signals and the

94a9a2bf-d422-4c3a-a973-80aa96a60f4d-1
00:46:57.610 --> 00:47:00.320
vehicle was imported with farm
use only tires.

5db059a3-044f-4ae1-acb2-181495142d2b-0
00:47:01.160 --> 00:47:04.553
Well, the explanatory notes to
87 O 4 gave many exemplars of

5db059a3-044f-4ae1-acb2-181495142d2b-1
00:47:04.553 --> 00:47:08.113
the types of cargo vehicles that
were classified in the heading

5db059a3-044f-4ae1-acb2-181495142d2b-2
00:47:08.113 --> 00:47:09.560
that they were requesting.

83c5ee9f-4a5c-4519-a441-b1a063f1b03e-0
00:47:10.080 --> 00:47:13.463
The dumpers that can generally
be distinguished from other

83c5ee9f-4a5c-4519-a441-b1a063f1b03e-1
00:47:13.463 --> 00:47:16.789
vehicles for the transportation
of goods usually have the

83c5ee9f-4a5c-4519-a441-b1a063f1b03e-2
00:47:16.789 --> 00:47:18.280
following characteristics.

30dc4fc1-7b90-43ac-a860-49eae4c1114b-0
00:47:19.320 --> 00:47:22.760
1 The dumper body is made of
very strong steel sheets.

76e60698-a986-4972-bc51-e9199186126d-0
00:47:23.360 --> 00:47:28.081
It's front part is extended over
the cabs, the driver cab to

76e60698-a986-4972-bc51-e9199186126d-1
00:47:28.081 --> 00:47:29.320
protect the cab.

dac29562-3c0f-416d-86c3-ba7df45854c6-0
00:47:31.160 --> 00:47:36.498
It lacks axle suspension, high
braking capacity, limited speed

dac29562-3c0f-416d-86c3-ba7df45854c6-1
00:47:36.498 --> 00:47:41.160
and area of operation, and
special earth moving tires.

86447858-238f-4f8a-a9ea-8b9b4b5ee483-0
00:47:41.520 --> 00:47:45.107
This mini dumper did not meet
any of those requirements and

86447858-238f-4f8a-a9ea-8b9b4b5ee483-1
00:47:45.107 --> 00:47:48.814
while the modifications listed
may have rendered it incapable

86447858-238f-4f8a-a9ea-8b9b4b5ee483-2
00:47:48.814 --> 00:47:52.580
of being registered in title for
public use, it did not modify

86447858-238f-4f8a-a9ea-8b9b4b5ee483-3
00:47:52.580 --> 00:47:56.287
the mini dumper in such a way to
make it akin to the vehicles

86447858-238f-4f8a-a9ea-8b9b4b5ee483-4
00:47:56.287 --> 00:47:58.440
that were classifiable in 87 O
410.

f57d4b67-cf96-4905-b41f-c95e6755efae-0
00:47:59.120 --> 00:48:03.836
So the applicable subheading for
the Diazu Hijet Mini dumper was

f57d4b67-cf96-4905-b41f-c95e6755efae-1
00:48:03.836 --> 00:48:08.408
87 O 431-0020, which provided
for other motor vehicles for the

f57d4b67-cf96-4905-b41f-c95e6755efae-2
00:48:08.408 --> 00:48:12.471
transportation goods other with
spark ignition internal

f57d4b67-cf96-4905-b41f-c95e6755efae-3
00:48:12.471 --> 00:48:16.825
combustion piston engine not
exceeding 5 metric tons or not

f57d4b67-cf96-4905-b41f-c95e6755efae-4
00:48:16.825 --> 00:48:18.639
exciting 2.5 metric tons.

9602eb6b-aae9-450d-a06b-ceca6bf9268e-0
00:48:24.880 --> 00:48:28.266
It is a commonly held myth that
if everyone shifted to 0

9602eb6b-aae9-450d-a06b-ceca6bf9268e-1
00:48:28.266 --> 00:48:31.653
emission vehicles such as
electric cars, the problems of

9602eb6b-aae9-450d-a06b-ceca6bf9268e-2
00:48:31.653 --> 00:48:35.040
carbon emissions and tailpipe
emissions would be solved.

5844155b-fb70-4218-9366-050a067f3bad-0
00:48:35.040 --> 00:48:39.408
Simultaneously, we need to take
into consideration the energy

5844155b-fb70-4218-9366-050a067f3bad-1
00:48:39.408 --> 00:48:43.143
and effort expend expended in
producing, storing and

5844155b-fb70-4218-9366-050a067f3bad-2
00:48:43.143 --> 00:48:46.878
distributing the fuel, in
addition to the use of the

5844155b-fb70-4218-9366-050a067f3bad-3
00:48:46.878 --> 00:48:48.639
energy in the car itself.

78afa2ac-de54-403b-803d-a89dce9f965b-0
00:48:49.040 --> 00:48:52.673
In other words, if it takes a
lot of effort in carbon

78afa2ac-de54-403b-803d-a89dce9f965b-1
00:48:52.673 --> 00:48:56.844
emissions to get the fuel into
the car in the 1st place, then

78afa2ac-de54-403b-803d-a89dce9f965b-2
00:48:56.844 --> 00:49:00.612
that aspect also needs to be
considered a pure electric

78afa2ac-de54-403b-803d-a89dce9f965b-3
00:49:00.612 --> 00:49:04.783
vehicle, such as a Tesla or a
Nissan Leaf, whose energy needs

78afa2ac-de54-403b-803d-a89dce9f965b-4
00:49:04.783 --> 00:49:08.079
are usually met by electrical
power from a grid.

e0460f3e-aae9-4e44-81dd-c8c1c984f6fd-0
00:49:09.000 --> 00:49:12.711
But if the electric grid that
charges the battery in the car

e0460f3e-aae9-4e44-81dd-c8c1c984f6fd-1
00:49:12.711 --> 00:49:15.996
is itself powered by
petrochemical fuel like coal, as

e0460f3e-aae9-4e44-81dd-c8c1c984f6fd-2
00:49:15.996 --> 00:49:19.525
it is in many parts of the
world, then the gains of lower

e0460f3e-aae9-4e44-81dd-c8c1c984f6fd-3
00:49:19.525 --> 00:49:22.810
emissions from the car are lost
at the point of power

e0460f3e-aae9-4e44-81dd-c8c1c984f6fd-4
00:49:22.810 --> 00:49:23.480
generation.

eed48e9e-df52-4a71-acb4-d3dbf0ad6cb6-0
00:49:30.800 --> 00:49:32.800
So let's take a look at hybrids.

fdaa92da-a7e1-4cbd-9731-c865cc15ad73-0
00:49:34.200 --> 00:49:37.788
Pure electric vehicles are
vehicles powered only by a

fdaa92da-a7e1-4cbd-9731-c865cc15ad73-1
00:49:37.788 --> 00:49:38.320
battery.

64e76c59-92b7-4b39-ae29-6715f148a99c-0
00:49:39.360 --> 00:49:45.025
87 O 380 plug in hybrids have an
internal combustion engine but

64e76c59-92b7-4b39-ae29-6715f148a99c-1
00:49:45.025 --> 00:49:48.920
also a battery range in excess
of 10 miles.

e9804fa9-a315-48ad-a424-ab97435fddf6-0
00:49:49.400 --> 00:49:52.904
After the battery range is
reached, the vehicle reverts to

e9804fa9-a315-48ad-a424-ab97435fddf6-1
00:49:52.904 --> 00:49:55.400
the benefits of full hybrid
capabilities.

5bccd1f5-25eb-449e-ac28-afb4d52bf55c-0
00:49:56.360 --> 00:50:00.282
Extended range electric vehicles
are like pure electric vehicles

5bccd1f5-25eb-449e-ac28-afb4d52bf55c-1
00:50:00.282 --> 00:50:03.360
but with a shorter battery range
of only 50 miles.

3b2b4adc-e9bc-4e70-b036-9b62c90bc37a-0
00:50:03.720 --> 00:50:06.865
The range is extended by an
internal combustion driven

3b2b4adc-e9bc-4e70-b036-9b62c90bc37a-1
00:50:06.865 --> 00:50:10.240
generator that provides many
additional miles of mobility.

f2949fb6-6e62-492d-aa4e-4a98fc4f07f1-0
00:50:10.720 --> 00:50:14.687
With an extended range high
electric vehicle, the propulsion

f2949fb6-6e62-492d-aa4e-4a98fc4f07f1-1
00:50:14.687 --> 00:50:18.199
is always electric, unlike a
plug in hybrid where the

f2949fb6-6e62-492d-aa4e-4a98fc4f07f1-2
00:50:18.199 --> 00:50:21.971
propulsion can be either
electric or full hybrid, and the

f2949fb6-6e62-492d-aa4e-4a98fc4f07f1-3
00:50:21.971 --> 00:50:25.808
standard hybrid electric vehicle
are vehicles that are not

f2949fb6-6e62-492d-aa4e-4a98fc4f07f1-4
00:50:25.808 --> 00:50:28.799
capable of charging the
batteries externally.

9aee663f-84a8-495c-9c60-0fcbd4714938-0
00:50:33.480 --> 00:50:37.720
Although electric vehicles still
generate tire noise, the level

9aee663f-84a8-495c-9c60-0fcbd4714938-1
00:50:37.720 --> 00:50:41.563
is much lower than the ACT then
in an internal combustion

9aee663f-84a8-495c-9c60-0fcbd4714938-2
00:50:41.563 --> 00:50:45.339
engine, particularly at low
speeds, so sight and hearing

9aee663f-84a8-495c-9c60-0fcbd4714938-3
00:50:45.339 --> 00:50:48.520
impaired people can be
particularly vulnerable.

94c005bd-75f0-4e7e-81dc-b549a83ddbd1-0
00:50:48.840 --> 00:50:53.014
So drivers need to be aware of
this and take extra precautions

94c005bd-75f0-4e7e-81dc-b549a83ddbd1-1
00:50:53.014 --> 00:50:57.123
when One common myth regarding
electric vehicles is that they

94c005bd-75f0-4e7e-81dc-b549a83ddbd1-2
00:50:57.123 --> 00:50:57.720
are slow.

150c97c9-8611-4684-acf2-ee7ae36acac4-0
00:50:58.120 --> 00:51:00.400
And this could not be further
from the truth.

60e508e4-ca42-426c-a95b-a3ab09e84658-0
00:51:00.840 --> 00:51:05.227
The electric vehicle in an EV
produces 100% of torque

60e508e4-ca42-426c-a95b-a3ab09e84658-1
00:51:05.227 --> 00:51:06.040
instantly.

0c3221ab-bd52-4c41-b7fa-beb484172bf7-0
00:51:06.640 --> 00:51:08.720
This is the same at all speeds.

5ae994de-7677-43e6-8a54-1d51095b535b-0
00:51:09.240 --> 00:51:11.800
In other words, a flat torque
curve.

3374d1bb-de41-4f02-8e2e-e26f54467a8a-0
00:51:12.400 --> 00:51:13.160
The tops.

165c2eef-f0a2-4b13-b087-d26bd0b8377f-0
00:51:13.600 --> 00:51:17.529
The top version of the Tesla
Model S when in Ludicrous mode

165c2eef-f0a2-4b13-b087-d26bd0b8377f-1
00:51:17.529 --> 00:51:21.000
is one of the quickest
production cars in the world.

e81facfe-3a10-4f91-99fe-48602eaccdbf-0
00:51:21.280 --> 00:51:25.200
It has a zero to 60 time of
about 2.5 seconds.

97790ab6-0356-4492-8624-1956548b40a2-0
00:51:25.720 --> 00:51:29.566
The Volkswagen GTE plug in
hybrid electric vehicle, when in

97790ab6-0356-4492-8624-1956548b40a2-1
00:51:29.566 --> 00:51:33.155
pure electric mode, will
actually spin the front wheels

97790ab6-0356-4492-8624-1956548b40a2-2
00:51:33.155 --> 00:51:35.720
if the traction control is not
engaged.

35f24759-1e08-4881-9aa5-15a0a642ca93-0
00:51:36.240 --> 00:51:38.360
EVs are not slow.

a24ffc6d-a154-4cbc-887e-f680dc2ed2ff-0
00:51:40.120 --> 00:51:43.544
Another myth is that the power
grid will not be able to handle

a24ffc6d-a154-4cbc-887e-f680dc2ed2ff-1
00:51:43.544 --> 00:51:44.360
the extra load.

b68321e3-870b-419c-b933-e4de7ef099f1-0
00:51:45.040 --> 00:51:49.025
Power grids across the United
States, the United Kingdom and

b68321e3-870b-419c-b933-e4de7ef099f1-1
00:51:49.025 --> 00:51:52.488
the EU can handle the expected
growth of EVs for the

b68321e3-870b-419c-b933-e4de7ef099f1-2
00:51:52.488 --> 00:51:55.560
foreseeable future without
significant change.

15e11cd4-816b-4be4-9353-c302e0b3e545-0
00:51:55.880 --> 00:51:59.900
This is because most EVs tend to
be charged at night, during off

15e11cd4-816b-4be4-9353-c302e0b3e545-1
00:51:59.900 --> 00:52:03.240
peak hours, and when demand is
usually at its lowest.

26f7178d-1ada-4109-95a1-6dfa55377853-0
00:52:03.560 --> 00:52:07.909
To balance the grid, it will be
necessary to agree to methods of

26f7178d-1ada-4109-95a1-6dfa55377853-1
00:52:07.909 --> 00:52:12.058
timing such as competitive as
such as competitive pricing for

26f7178d-1ada-4109-95a1-6dfa55377853-2
00:52:12.058 --> 00:52:14.400
charging EVs during certain
hours.

52c04d38-2012-493c-a777-c6cc9e105f6d-0
00:52:19.280 --> 00:52:22.555
Electric vehicles, pure or
hybrid, use high voltage

52c04d38-2012-493c-a777-c6cc9e105f6d-1
00:52:22.555 --> 00:52:26.713
batteries so that the energy can
be delivered to a drive motor or

52c04d38-2012-493c-a777-c6cc9e105f6d-2
00:52:26.713 --> 00:52:29.800
returned to a battery pack in a
very short time.

433f5e50-927d-4ebb-8d74-72c35117de0e-0
00:52:30.280 --> 00:52:34.807
The Honda Insight system, for
example, uses 144 Volt battery

433f5e50-927d-4ebb-8d74-72c35117de0e-1
00:52:34.807 --> 00:52:37.480
module to store regenerated
energy.

8c8d291c-8e5d-407f-9da5-361b290c537e-0
00:52:38.000 --> 00:52:43.670
The Toyota Prius originally used
a 273.6 Volt battery pack, but

8c8d291c-8e5d-407f-9da5-361b290c537e-1
00:52:43.670 --> 00:52:47.480
this was changed in 2004 to a
200 and 1.6.

3c3a74f1-65fc-4213-8a58-a9276edcde9a-0
00:52:49.760 --> 00:52:53.367
Hybrid vehicles use at least one
electric drive motor in addition

3c3a74f1-65fc-4213-8a58-a9276edcde9a-1
00:52:53.367 --> 00:52:55.280
to the internal combustion
engine.

3d8ec058-364f-4f0b-8eab-14958784560d-0
00:52:55.920 --> 00:52:59.189
There are several There are
several different ways in which

3d8ec058-364f-4f0b-8eab-14958784560d-1
00:52:59.189 --> 00:53:02.404
this can be combined, and a
number of different motors and

3d8ec058-364f-4f0b-8eab-14958784560d-2
00:53:02.404 --> 00:53:02.839
engines.

621ee63f-4c43-4527-927d-9dd52ff03fe8-0
00:53:03.160 --> 00:53:06.827
Note that for clarity we will
generally refer to internal

621ee63f-4c43-4527-927d-9dd52ff03fe8-1
00:53:06.827 --> 00:53:10.557
combustion engines as engines
and electric drive motors as

621ee63f-4c43-4527-927d-9dd52ff03fe8-2
00:53:10.557 --> 00:53:11.000
motors.

caa5c71c-dcc3-440b-a694-328892734e3e-0
00:53:11.280 --> 00:53:15.555
But take care though, because in
other parts of the world the

caa5c71c-dcc3-440b-a694-328892734e3e-1
00:53:15.555 --> 00:53:19.692
internal combustion engine can
actually be referred to as a

caa5c71c-dcc3-440b-a694-328892734e3e-2
00:53:19.692 --> 00:53:22.520
motor on all types of electric
vehicles.

70d6c868-cac5-4112-95e0-0b7dba6ce5fe-0
00:53:22.520 --> 00:53:25.692
During braking, the motor
becomes a generator and the

70d6c868-cac5-4112-95e0-0b7dba6ce5fe-1
00:53:25.692 --> 00:53:29.277
energy that would normally be
wasted is heat from the brakes

70d6c868-cac5-4112-95e0-0b7dba6ce5fe-2
00:53:29.277 --> 00:53:32.449
is converted into electrical
energy and stored in the

70d6c868-cac5-4112-95e0-0b7dba6ce5fe-3
00:53:32.449 --> 00:53:32.920
battery.

6252f93d-4a3c-4f56-b784-2c5aea1397bf-0
00:53:32.920 --> 00:53:34.640
Regenerative braking system.

4cb529d5-0463-4d84-92e4-77eef22a617e-0
00:53:37.120 --> 00:53:39.280
Now not all hybrids are the
same.

56708e13-1796-4acc-82b2-afc51b2f18ea-0
00:53:39.680 --> 00:53:43.373
Some are more dependent on the
hybrid system for propulsion

56708e13-1796-4acc-82b2-afc51b2f18ea-1
00:53:43.373 --> 00:53:47.129
than others, and some are not
actually classified as hybrids

56708e13-1796-4acc-82b2-afc51b2f18ea-2
00:53:47.129 --> 00:53:47.560
at all.

70644258-756a-4caf-a6de-a8c2ab6b5a13-0
00:53:48.080 --> 00:53:50.800
But let's look at the levels of
hybridization.

95c3333e-e625-49ed-a19e-55275e1b509a-0
00:53:51.960 --> 00:53:56.541
So a stop go system has the
function of a stop, a Start Stop

95c3333e-e625-49ed-a19e-55275e1b509a-1
00:53:56.541 --> 00:53:58.720
as well as some regenerative.

74352fcd-6135-475a-99bc-bb06bcc6ef2b-0
00:53:59.600 --> 00:54:02.879
The control of the normal
vehicle alternator was adapted

74352fcd-6135-475a-99bc-bb06bcc6ef2b-1
00:54:02.879 --> 00:54:03.800
to achieve this.

bf525371-711c-42ee-96e3-962f89fa9639-0
00:54:04.040 --> 00:54:08.572
During normal driving the
alternator operates at low input

bf525371-711c-42ee-96e3-962f89fa9639-1
00:54:08.572 --> 00:54:10.800
output, sorry during overrun.

d856f7da-deaf-4d84-95ac-95e2604e0747-0
00:54:11.080 --> 00:54:14.483
When a vehicle is travelling
without throttle, the alternator

d856f7da-deaf-4d84-95ac-95e2604e0747-1
00:54:14.483 --> 00:54:17.996
output is increased in order to
increase the braking effect and

d856f7da-deaf-4d84-95ac-95e2604e0747-2
00:54:17.996 --> 00:54:19.040
power regeneration.

d7dc7b6c-6cbb-41e1-9c21-bc4d2b474d5e-0
00:54:19.640 --> 00:54:20.960
Stopping the vehicle.

f0978ddc-9c6c-43a3-af2a-0ac15a8e31f9-0
00:54:22.040 --> 00:54:26.986
Stopping the vehicle at red
lights, for example, saves fuel

f0978ddc-9c6c-43a3-af2a-0ac15a8e31f9-1
00:54:26.986 --> 00:54:28.800
and reduces emissions.

0b18b0dc-fd40-4310-9f74-97db981533b0-0
00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:33.894
Mild hybrids provide some
assistance during acceleration,

0b18b0dc-fd40-4310-9f74-97db981533b0-1
00:54:33.894 --> 00:54:35.640
particularly at low speed.

6b9f847e-e332-4994-9a16-6e480ecc84a0-0
00:54:36.080 --> 00:54:39.982
Pure electric propulsion is not
possible, and the motor may be

6b9f847e-e332-4994-9a16-6e480ecc84a0-1
00:54:39.982 --> 00:54:43.885
able to propel the vehicle, but
the internal combustion engine

6b9f847e-e332-4994-9a16-6e480ecc84a0-2
00:54:43.885 --> 00:54:45.000
is always running.

d3e6eafc-625d-4a94-a3e6-034a80344b59-0
00:54:46.760 --> 00:54:50.000
A strong hybrid takes all of the
above functions.

555a24e9-0075-4465-8ae0-4650373d6795-0
00:54:50.000 --> 00:54:53.138
Further, and over a short
distance, the internal

555a24e9-0075-4465-8ae0-4650373d6795-1
00:54:53.138 --> 00:54:56.726
combustion engine can be
switched off entirely to allow

555a24e9-0075-4465-8ae0-4650373d6795-2
00:54:56.726 --> 00:54:58.520
for pure electric operation.

acbaa909-571a-4615-96b4-6bf8fda47162-0
00:54:59.880 --> 00:55:03.219
Plug in hybrid is a strong
hybrid, but with a larger high

acbaa909-571a-4615-96b4-6bf8fda47162-1
00:55:03.219 --> 00:55:06.731
voltage battery that can be
charged from a suitable electric

acbaa909-571a-4615-96b4-6bf8fda47162-2
00:55:06.731 --> 00:55:07.479
power system.

5a397f58-93fa-49e6-a8f2-b674b99a9577-0
00:55:08.520 --> 00:55:12.738
A hybrid power system for the
automobile can have a series,

5a397f58-93fa-49e6-a8f2-b674b99a9577-1
00:55:12.738 --> 00:55:15.480
parallel or power split
configuration.

3bdfc196-14da-44db-9548-081af04a399d-0
00:55:16.320 --> 00:55:19.430
With a series system, the
internal combustion engine

3bdfc196-14da-44db-9548-081af04a399d-1
00:55:19.430 --> 00:55:23.186
drives a generator which in turn
powers the motor and the motor

3bdfc196-14da-44db-9548-081af04a399d-2
00:55:23.186 --> 00:55:24.360
propels the vehicle.

7b03161a-26cb-4ef6-9100-34f62d0b7a45-0
00:55:25.600 --> 00:55:29.204
With a parallel system, the
engine and the motor can both be

7b03161a-26cb-4ef6-9100-34f62d0b7a45-1
00:55:29.204 --> 00:55:30.800
used to propel the vehicle.

cfb5de9c-5298-4496-b614-27448c4e075d-0
00:55:31.720 --> 00:55:35.040
Most hybrids in current use
employ the parallel system.

be1f8e94-745a-42f7-8c2a-060d7686bf7a-0
00:55:35.680 --> 00:55:40.307
The power split has additional
advantages but is but it is also

be1f8e94-745a-42f7-8c2a-060d7686bf7a-1
00:55:40.307 --> 00:55:41.320
quite complex.

1ccc549f-a813-4deb-8190-12b19ea6b462-0
00:55:45.640 --> 00:55:49.443
The parallel system has both the
engine and the electric motor

1ccc549f-a813-4deb-8190-12b19ea6b462-1
00:55:49.443 --> 00:55:52.160
coupled to the wheels to propel
the vehicle.

7e0dd663-fc87-4d11-bd20-6baa6ed70474-0
00:55:52.960 --> 00:55:57.013
In the series hybrid, the
electrical motor handles all the

7e0dd663-fc87-4d11-bd20-6baa6ed70474-1
00:55:57.013 --> 00:56:01.480
driving and the gasoline engine
only recharges the battery pack.

d68fc922-13ca-43d9-a52d-e2fa06a37bd1-0
00:56:02.800 --> 00:56:07.325
And in the power split or series
parallel hybrid allows for power

d68fc922-13ca-43d9-a52d-e2fa06a37bd1-1
00:56:07.325 --> 00:56:10.960
to the wheels to be either
mechanical or electrical.

4bda5321-90aa-447c-8cac-89535437904d-0
00:56:12.760 --> 00:56:15.840
I know it's a lot of stuff, a
lot of stuff on hybrids.

52f3697b-249c-4126-bc42-e396220094ec-0
00:56:17.640 --> 00:56:22.220
So the most common battery
technology right now is lithium

52f3697b-249c-4126-bc42-e396220094ec-1
00:56:22.220 --> 00:56:27.266
ion, although I have heard that
sodium ion is making a coming is

52f3697b-249c-4126-bc42-e396220094ec-2
00:56:27.266 --> 00:56:29.440
is up and coming technology.

bef518ee-765a-41ea-9f46-69c409686d66-0
00:56:30.680 --> 00:56:34.480
Complete battery packs consists
of a number of cell modules.

a340eb44-6373-4e89-84d9-2a8788965eda-0
00:56:34.880 --> 00:56:38.799
The actual battery consists of
about two or three hundred

a340eb44-6373-4e89-84d9-2a8788965eda-1
00:56:38.799 --> 00:56:42.448
cells, a cooling system
installation, a junction box,

a340eb44-6373-4e89-84d9-2a8788965eda-2
00:56:42.448 --> 00:56:45.759
battery management and a
suitable case or shell.

0c5d13f0-2851-4956-bd8a-3b71d36102d6-0
00:56:46.280 --> 00:56:49.969
These features combined so that
the pack can withstand impacts

0c5d13f0-2851-4956-bd8a-3b71d36102d6-1
00:56:49.969 --> 00:56:51.960
and a wide range of
temperatures.

cce8c0d2-18c9-48d1-a0d5-e777947a2be7-0
00:56:52.880 --> 00:56:56.607
The Battery Management
Controller monitors and controls

cce8c0d2-18c9-48d1-a0d5-e777947a2be7-1
00:56:56.607 --> 00:57:00.668
the battery and determines,
among other things, the state of

cce8c0d2-18c9-48d1-a0d5-e777947a2be7-2
00:57:00.668 --> 00:57:02.000
charge of the cells.

a62bc6d7-42fd-4bc4-92b9-51866e930501-0
00:57:02.280 --> 00:57:05.738
It regulates the temperature and
protects the cells from

a62bc6d7-42fd-4bc4-92b9-51866e930501-1
00:57:05.738 --> 00:57:07.680
overcharging and deep discharge.

2180def2-327d-4c5d-b44a-d11ad70de240-0
00:57:08.080 --> 00:57:11.157
Electronically activated
switches are included that

2180def2-327d-4c5d-b44a-d11ad70de240-1
00:57:11.157 --> 00:57:14.472
disconnect the battery system
when idle and in critical

2180def2-327d-4c5d-b44a-d11ad70de240-2
00:57:14.472 --> 00:57:16.840
situations such as an accident
or fire.

01a1e149-d2b7-436c-929e-b96a8147749f-0
00:57:18.360 --> 00:57:21.578
The motor is the component that
converts the electrical energy

01a1e149-d2b7-436c-929e-b96a8147749f-1
00:57:21.578 --> 00:57:23.520
into the kinetic energy for
movement.

71546715-2037-47e3-9627-03acf17e2d6a-0
00:57:23.960 --> 00:57:26.160
In other words, it's what moves
the vehicle.

b908a764-8644-48f7-a492-7e1725c02f76-0
00:57:26.840 --> 00:57:32.894
Most types used on EVSHEVS or
PHEVS are a type of AC

b908a764-8644-48f7-a492-7e1725c02f76-1
00:57:32.894 --> 00:57:37.920
synchronic motor applied with
pulses of DC.

b34f2b93-e11b-45b4-9dbf-0be2e68bcba8-0
00:57:38.200 --> 00:57:42.345
They are rated in the region of
85 kilowatts on pure electric

b34f2b93-e11b-45b4-9dbf-0be2e68bcba8-1
00:57:42.345 --> 00:57:42.880
vehicle.

e1e74611-6ebe-4dbd-ae6a-97aa5af31582-0
00:57:44.240 --> 00:57:48.176
The inverter is an electrical
device or circuit that changes

e1e74611-6ebe-4dbd-ae6a-97aa5af31582-1
00:57:48.176 --> 00:57:52.047
direct current from the battery
into alternating current to

e1e74611-6ebe-4dbd-ae6a-97aa5af31582-2
00:57:52.047 --> 00:57:53.080
drive the motor.

5e133ebb-c0aa-4ba3-968b-f521c1a1ed40-0
00:57:53.440 --> 00:57:56.920
It also does this in reverse for
regenerative charging.

dbab7321-9097-449b-b944-b8232f36085c-0
00:57:57.520 --> 00:58:01.386
It is often described as the
powers, power electronics or

dbab7321-9097-449b-b944-b8232f36085c-1
00:58:01.386 --> 00:58:01.920
similar.

f6340c3c-4acb-41e2-b657-d6034a27fbe2-0
00:58:02.560 --> 00:58:06.643
Sometimes the same or separate
inverters are used to supply the

f6340c3c-4acb-41e2-b657-d6034a27fbe2-1
00:58:06.643 --> 00:58:07.600
12 Volt system.

941b4edd-1a97-4484-823a-ceddebc2d0b2-0
00:58:12.440 --> 00:58:16.801
The control unit or motor
control unit is the electronic

941b4edd-1a97-4484-823a-ceddebc2d0b2-1
00:58:16.801 --> 00:58:19.480
device that controls the
inverter.

d2bf4328-5742-419f-8dd9-5d3e70a38cbd-0
00:58:19.640 --> 00:58:23.181
It responds to signals from the
driver, for example braking,

d2bf4328-5742-419f-8dd9-5d3e70a38cbd-1
00:58:23.181 --> 00:58:26.606
acceleration, etcetera and
causes the power electronics to

d2bf4328-5742-419f-8dd9-5d3e70a38cbd-2
00:58:26.606 --> 00:58:28.000
be switched accordingly.

05d6ae73-9be2-4bce-9af5-a614b6924d5a-0
00:58:28.680 --> 00:58:32.075
The control makes the motor
drive the vehicle or become the

05d6ae73-9be2-4bce-9af5-a614b6924d5a-1
00:58:32.075 --> 00:58:34.000
generator and charge the
battery.

52cbb9b6-716b-4ea8-a229-406896d1b53e-0
00:58:34.280 --> 00:58:37.758
It can also be responsible for
the air conditioning, the power

52cbb9b6-716b-4ea8-a229-406896d1b53e-1
00:58:37.758 --> 00:58:39.360
assisted steering and brakes.

821c364f-c6d5-463f-94af-de3b277bd1f8-0
00:58:40.560 --> 00:58:44.055
The charging unit used on pure
electric vehicles and plug in

821c364f-c6d5-463f-94af-de3b277bd1f8-1
00:58:44.055 --> 00:58:47.550
electric vehicles is usually
located near where the external

821c364f-c6d5-463f-94af-de3b277bd1f8-2
00:58:47.550 --> 00:58:49.039
power source is connected.

58c0e19c-c462-48a2-b05b-cea7b27db680-0
00:58:49.360 --> 00:58:53.253
It converts and controls the
mains voltage, typically 120

58c0e19c-c462-48a2-b05b-cea7b27db680-1
00:58:53.253 --> 00:58:57.549
volts AC in the United States,
to a suitable level for charging

58c0e19c-c462-48a2-b05b-cea7b27db680-2
00:58:57.549 --> 00:59:01.040
the battery cells, which is
typically 300 volts DC.

67cb07d3-35f7-4798-8a1e-3afda66d1ace-0
00:59:02.080 --> 00:59:05.319
The driver interface is
basically what keeps the driver

67cb07d3-35f7-4798-8a1e-3afda66d1ace-1
00:59:05.319 --> 00:59:05.840
informed.

17fdcce8-16ad-4cee-9950-6aca916b222a-0
00:59:06.160 --> 00:59:08.760
It's a It has a number of
methods that it uses.

c3396c07-fc61-467b-ad86-28dfcf74ae45-0
00:59:09.080 --> 00:59:12.975
The most common now is the touch
screen interface for information

c3396c07-fc61-467b-ad86-28dfcf74ae45-1
00:59:12.975 --> 00:59:16.340
can be delivered as well as a
lot allowing the driver to

c3396c07-fc61-467b-ad86-28dfcf74ae45-2
00:59:16.340 --> 00:59:18.760
change settings such as the
charge rate.

64625253-a7bd-49e8-b8ac-c81d29380ea8-0
00:59:21.560 --> 00:59:24.699
Now this office is not
responsible for the

64625253-a7bd-49e8-b8ac-c81d29380ea8-1
00:59:24.699 --> 00:59:28.933
classification of the batteries
that are used in electric

64625253-a7bd-49e8-b8ac-c81d29380ea8-2
00:59:28.933 --> 00:59:33.313
vehicles or motor vehicles,
which are usually very specific

64625253-a7bd-49e8-b8ac-c81d29380ea8-3
00:59:33.313 --> 00:59:34.920
for each manufacturer.

a8005d68-7a91-43e2-a51a-84ec0b90d859-0
00:59:35.320 --> 00:59:39.226
So we're only going to briefly
discuss one aspect of the types

a8005d68-7a91-43e2-a51a-84ec0b90d859-1
00:59:39.226 --> 00:59:42.823
of batteries that is important
to know and that's thermal

a8005d68-7a91-43e2-a51a-84ec0b90d859-2
00:59:42.823 --> 00:59:43.319
runaway.

d991c45e-f32f-4a98-84f8-fb87ca09029d-0
00:59:44.120 --> 00:59:48.199
Thermal runaway is a process
that is accelerated by increased

d991c45e-f32f-4a98-84f8-fb87ca09029d-1
00:59:48.199 --> 00:59:52.410
temperature, in turn releasing
energy and further increases the

d991c45e-f32f-4a98-84f8-fb87ca09029d-2
00:59:52.410 --> 00:59:53.200
temperature.

579e575e-74dd-4631-b82b-8773215578f3-0
00:59:53.960 --> 00:59:57.307
Thermal runaway occurs in
situations where there is an

579e575e-74dd-4631-b82b-8773215578f3-1
00:59:57.307 --> 01:00:01.019
increase in temperature change
that the conditions in such a

579e575e-74dd-4631-b82b-8773215578f3-2
01:00:01.019 --> 01:00:04.428
way that causes further
increases in temperature, which

579e575e-74dd-4631-b82b-8773215578f3-3
01:00:04.428 --> 01:00:06.680
often leads to a destructive
result.

65c5d551-9e59-43ce-ab25-340f1817c363-0
01:00:07.280 --> 01:00:10.381
So it is basically a kind of an
uncontrollable positive

65c5d551-9e59-43ce-ab25-340f1817c363-1
01:00:10.381 --> 01:00:10.880
feedback.

fe00317d-0655-486b-8a2f-32aa469af9d2-0
01:00:11.720 --> 01:00:14.404
The exothermic reaction
increases the battery's

fe00317d-0655-486b-8a2f-32aa469af9d2-1
01:00:14.404 --> 01:00:17.928
temperature and therefore the
internal pressure of the lithium

fe00317d-0655-486b-8a2f-32aa469af9d2-2
01:00:17.928 --> 01:00:18.599
ion battery.

1e867778-5870-4f35-b6a2-242c97694a18-0
01:00:20.080 --> 01:00:24.218
Gas evolution also increases the
pressure in the in the cell and

1e867778-5870-4f35-b6a2-242c97694a18-1
01:00:24.218 --> 01:00:27.720
if the cell is equipped with a
pressure release valve.

bf217432-85d3-40b1-a5e9-1d8dd1f8f0d6-0
01:00:28.680 --> 01:00:30.920
Which are not usually found on
pouch cells.

b3870133-32b4-47ef-ac01-d570aa8730d3-0
01:00:31.200 --> 01:00:34.960
This valve will open and release
flammable organic compounds.

fd13bb60-7871-4062-9ae6-2e4f90f53ae1-0
01:00:35.400 --> 01:00:40.781
A pouch cell may just burst if
the internal pressure is too

fd13bb60-7871-4062-9ae6-2e4f90f53ae1-1
01:00:40.781 --> 01:00:46.521
high, which is what we often see
on laptops or some cell phones

fd13bb60-7871-4062-9ae6-2e4f90f53ae1-2
01:00:46.521 --> 01:00:51.903
or vape pens where you've heard
cases of them spontaneously

fd13bb60-7871-4062-9ae6-2e4f90f53ae1-3
01:00:51.903 --> 01:00:52.800
exploding.

8335c9c2-3e3e-4597-8bb6-258ca0a1401c-0
01:00:53.760 --> 01:00:58.240
That's that's an exothermic
reaction in the lithium ion

8335c9c2-3e3e-4597-8bb6-258ca0a1401c-1
01:00:58.240 --> 01:00:58.880
battery.

1aca3e41-50e5-4f68-b122-2ea61d462df3-0
01:00:59.840 --> 01:01:03.452
Emissions from the organic
carbonates can be seen as a

1aca3e41-50e5-4f68-b122-2ea61d462df3-1
01:01:03.452 --> 01:01:07.657
white smoke and during further
heating of a cell, the colour of

1aca3e41-50e5-4f68-b122-2ea61d462df3-2
01:01:07.657 --> 01:01:10.875
the smoke will turn Gray,
indicating that active

1aca3e41-50e5-4f68-b122-2ea61d462df3-3
01:01:10.875 --> 01:01:14.751
electronic materials, mainly
graphite, is starting to burn

1aca3e41-50e5-4f68-b122-2ea61d462df3-4
01:01:14.751 --> 01:01:15.080
away.

259702a8-9bd2-4eef-ad03-451e244491a9-0
01:01:16.040 --> 01:01:22.783
The thermal runaway process can
generate generate temperatures

259702a8-9bd2-4eef-ad03-451e244491a9-1
01:01:22.783 --> 01:01:27.600
of 700 to 1000°C, which is 12192
to 18130°F.

b6e2b0e4-18fc-47f9-bd4c-e1b6305a6895-0
01:01:28.160 --> 01:01:32.922
This high temperature may affect
adjacent cells and cause a chain

b6e2b0e4-18fc-47f9-bd4c-e1b6305a6895-1
01:01:32.922 --> 01:01:35.160
reaction with organic solvents.

8ae50f3e-dbbc-48fd-9e44-10442df45bd2-0
01:01:35.520 --> 01:01:39.959
The conducting salts also are
also admitted and they will

8ae50f3e-dbbc-48fd-9e44-10442df45bd2-1
01:01:39.959 --> 01:01:41.720
react in the following.

1d21e99f-a9a3-411e-9850-f6bd339b3923-0
01:01:41.720 --> 01:01:46.945
When in a dry environment, the
salt will just decompose, but in

1d21e99f-a9a3-411e-9850-f6bd339b3923-1
01:01:46.945 --> 01:01:51.353
contact with water or air
molecules these will become

1d21e99f-a9a3-411e-9850-f6bd339b3923-2
01:01:51.353 --> 01:01:53.640
hydro hydrogen fluoride gas.

ed0f3fb8-6d66-4f21-ad47-efafb5e88e9f-0
01:01:57.160 --> 01:02:00.720
Although a lithium ion battery
fire should not normally be

ed0f3fb8-6d66-4f21-ad47-efafb5e88e9f-1
01:02:00.720 --> 01:02:04.280
extinguished with pure water,
using plenty of water may be

ed0f3fb8-6d66-4f21-ad47-efafb5e88e9f-2
01:02:04.280 --> 01:02:08.142
reasonable because it actually
cools down the surrounding cells

ed0f3fb8-6d66-4f21-ad47-efafb5e88e9f-3
01:02:08.142 --> 01:02:11.160
and avoids the continuation of a
runaway process.

c54dbe7e-aa56-49ba-8170-47a9b868e153-0
01:02:12.280 --> 01:02:16.722
Additionally, many of the
emitted particles are toxic and

c54dbe7e-aa56-49ba-8170-47a9b868e153-1
01:02:16.722 --> 01:02:19.480
will be bound and diluted by
water.

bf1be1e7-faca-4bb4-af9c-f50e12f4ca41-0
01:02:22.320 --> 01:02:26.468
So when we're looking at the
start up system start up process

bf1be1e7-faca-4bb4-af9c-f50e12f4ca41-1
01:02:26.468 --> 01:02:30.484
for electric vehicles from the
off position, the relays are

bf1be1e7-faca-4bb4-af9c-f50e12f4ca41-2
01:02:30.484 --> 01:02:32.959
operated in a very defined
sequence.

fa432bf9-7533-45ee-8d43-6f6394479188-0
01:02:33.680 --> 01:02:37.090
In start up, when the vehicles
first started the pre charge

fa432bf9-7533-45ee-8d43-6f6394479188-1
01:02:37.090 --> 01:02:40.160
contacts closed for a short time
and then open again.

b7bc20aa-67a4-46f6-95ce-904009959188-0
01:02:40.600 --> 01:02:43.994
This allows a test to be carried
out as no current should be

b7bc20aa-67a4-46f6-95ce-904009959188-1
01:02:43.994 --> 01:02:44.440
flowing.

53425d15-85c4-4f5b-a586-6a78b8adc51c-0
01:02:44.880 --> 01:02:47.960
Next the main negative contacts
are closed again.

5e250ab2-0bc9-4c60-9bd9-4930a19fe422-0
01:02:47.960 --> 01:02:49.800
This will allow for circuit
testing.

e68b25cf-c3dd-45da-ba56-662475e9f948-0
01:02:50.400 --> 01:02:53.686
The pre charge contacts close
again and this time the

e68b25cf-c3dd-45da-ba56-662475e9f948-1
01:02:53.686 --> 01:02:57.642
capacitors start to charge from
the high voltage battery through

e68b25cf-c3dd-45da-ba56-662475e9f948-2
01:02:57.642 --> 01:03:01.355
through a resistor to limit the
current and finally the main

e68b25cf-c3dd-45da-ba56-662475e9f948-3
01:03:01.355 --> 01:03:03.120
positive contacts are closed.

22efc60c-5f55-4cbb-8a28-c24d8eb23171-0
01:03:03.320 --> 01:03:07.045
The capacitor is fully charged
and the system is now described

22efc60c-5f55-4cbb-8a28-c24d8eb23171-1
01:03:07.045 --> 01:03:08.760
as being in quote ready mode.

512fd919-e3cb-40de-b4df-e7361b278fb4-0
01:03:10.240 --> 01:03:13.386
The pre charge feature is to
protect the battery as well as

512fd919-e3cb-40de-b4df-e7361b278fb4-1
01:03:13.386 --> 01:03:14.960
allowing diagnostic functions.

0368d80e-4eaf-4cf4-988d-905b197a0ab0-0
01:03:15.920 --> 01:03:20.360
The ready, the ready system or
the ready status is when the two

0368d80e-4eaf-4cf4-988d-905b197a0ab0-1
01:03:20.360 --> 01:03:22.720
main contacts will remain
closed.

e3aba49f-82bf-4b3a-b35b-83074beb0be2-0
01:03:22.800 --> 01:03:24.640
The vehicle can be used as
normal.

d5174428-a7bc-41e4-ba59-4603eb2e6ede-0
01:03:25.160 --> 01:03:28.546
The ready or similar is normally
displayed on the instrument

d5174428-a7bc-41e4-ba59-4603eb2e6ede-1
01:03:28.546 --> 01:03:28.880
panel.

22ca0cba-2174-4b20-90f4-f627e735871b-0
01:03:30.120 --> 01:03:34.022
I actually have a Toyota hybrid
and when you start up the

22ca0cba-2174-4b20-90f4-f627e735871b-1
01:03:34.022 --> 01:03:38.059
vehicle for the first time in
the morning, or actually when

22ca0cba-2174-4b20-90f4-f627e735871b-2
01:03:38.059 --> 01:03:41.961
you start up the vehicle, it
actually does have a display

22ca0cba-2174-4b20-90f4-f627e735871b-3
01:03:41.961 --> 01:03:46.200
where it tells you that it isn't
already status in a shutdown.

f54ee583-2990-4d8d-ba39-c189a51f2a5a-0
01:03:46.200 --> 01:03:49.453
When the vehicle is shut off,
the main positive contact is

f54ee583-2990-4d8d-ba39-c189a51f2a5a-1
01:03:49.453 --> 01:03:49.840
opened.

5767227c-50e3-481f-ad8f-3315e48dd529-0
01:03:50.000 --> 01:03:51.960
The capacitor starts to
discharge.

50f06206-b4b2-4d3e-981d-31ae6f9ee79e-0
01:03:52.440 --> 01:03:55.840
Once it's fully discharged, the
system is considered to be off.

52792cec-068b-4b9a-b810-b77766d29b4c-0
01:03:56.160 --> 01:03:59.477
This discharge happens in two
different ways, actively and

52792cec-068b-4b9a-b810-b77766d29b4c-1
01:03:59.477 --> 01:04:00.040
passively.

73dd8d27-92c4-4110-ba01-2bdb99ae4f0a-0
01:04:00.600 --> 01:04:04.745
In an active discharge, the
functions are reduced from a

73dd8d27-92c4-4110-ba01-2bdb99ae4f0a-1
01:04:04.745 --> 01:04:08.600
high voltage to less than 60
volts within 4 seconds.

2f4f199b-6e2d-49da-951a-cb94accc7b9d-0
01:04:09.600 --> 01:04:12.906
To do this, the transistors in
the inverter are closed, which

2f4f199b-6e2d-49da-951a-cb94accc7b9d-1
01:04:12.906 --> 01:04:15.893
effectively discharges the
capacitors through the motor

2f4f199b-6e2d-49da-951a-cb94accc7b9d-2
01:04:15.893 --> 01:04:16.320
winding.

5d654655-c0b3-49cd-994c-aa67543bdcae-0
01:04:17.040 --> 01:04:20.634
Active discharging is carried
out in the event of the ignition

5d654655-c0b3-49cd-994c-aa67543bdcae-1
01:04:20.634 --> 01:04:24.000
is off, in the event of a crash
or the pilot line is open.

ad3c8bad-45ed-4277-8996-6b928436704c-0
01:04:24.760 --> 01:04:27.160
In the event of a defective,
defective inverter.

7af23973-0bed-44ac-92df-0684c60bf85b-0
01:04:27.160 --> 01:04:30.767
An emergency capacitor discharge
is carried out using the

7af23973-0bed-44ac-92df-0684c60bf85b-1
01:04:30.767 --> 01:04:34.809
discharge resistors, which takes
about four seconds in a passive

7af23973-0bed-44ac-92df-0684c60bf85b-2
01:04:34.809 --> 01:04:38.105
discharge that's implemented
with the aid of various

7af23973-0bed-44ac-92df-0684c60bf85b-3
01:04:38.105 --> 01:04:42.023
resistors within the power and
control electronics between the

7af23973-0bed-44ac-92df-0684c60bf85b-4
01:04:42.023 --> 01:04:45.320
high voltage positive and the
high voltage negative.

24e4d90b-2100-49d0-b4d1-1cebf805fa04-0
01:04:45.560 --> 01:04:49.800
This takes about 120 seconds and
this is always carried out.

670fde55-84c2-49f9-8a66-1ecaceef12ea-0
01:04:52.880 --> 01:04:56.015
Most electric cars will be
charged at home, but national

670fde55-84c2-49f9-8a66-1ecaceef12ea-1
01:04:56.015 --> 01:04:57.720
infrastructures are developing.

8b8a0ab6-f360-4372-89e9-751f804d9e86-0
01:04:58.120 --> 01:05:01.331
There are, however, competing
organizations and commercial

8b8a0ab6-f360-4372-89e9-751f804d9e86-1
01:05:01.331 --> 01:05:04.761
companies, so it is necessary to
register with a few different

8b8a0ab6-f360-4372-89e9-751f804d9e86-2
01:05:04.761 --> 01:05:07.320
organizations to access their
charging points.

a0c906a8-9492-44bf-9d3a-9f29993a7fe1-0
01:05:08.040 --> 01:05:11.490
Many businesses now provide a
charging station for staff and

a0c906a8-9492-44bf-9d3a-9f29993a7fe1-1
01:05:11.490 --> 01:05:12.000
visitors.

5ce6db0c-62d5-43f8-b0f0-39081dd25459-0
01:05:12.360 --> 01:05:16.695
Some are paying advance, some
are pay as you go, and some will

5ce6db0c-62d5-43f8-b0f0-39081dd25459-1
01:05:16.695 --> 01:05:18.760
require monthly subscriptions.

4f4da3ae-6ded-439e-8478-6bb04ffc9b7c-0
01:05:19.080 --> 01:05:23.076
There are many apps and websites
for locating these charging

4f4da3ae-6ded-439e-8478-6bb04ffc9b7c-1
01:05:23.076 --> 01:05:27.400
ports and one of the best that I
found I have left on the screen.

b1a1d34f-26b3-47fb-a308-2e1ca4c285b4-0
01:05:27.400 --> 01:05:31.201
I will leave it for a second in
case you want to write it down

b1a1d34f-26b3-47fb-a308-2e1ca4c285b4-1
01:05:31.201 --> 01:05:34.640
or if you want I can jump back
to this slide at the end.

154d22df-6653-49cb-873d-79bab75eae5d-0
01:05:35.720 --> 01:05:39.115
How long does it take to charge
the EV will depend on the type

154d22df-6653-49cb-873d-79bab75eae5d-1
01:05:39.115 --> 01:05:42.241
of vehicle, how discharged the
battery is and the type of

154d22df-6653-49cb-873d-79bab75eae5d-2
01:05:42.241 --> 01:05:43.320
charging point used.

28586bb4-ebd1-4451-9b50-05d3d4e76794-0
01:05:43.760 --> 01:05:47.462
So typically a pure electric
vehicle using a standard charge

28586bb4-ebd1-4451-9b50-05d3d4e76794-1
01:05:47.462 --> 01:05:51.408
will take between 6:00 and 8:00
hours to fully charge and can be

28586bb4-ebd1-4451-9b50-05d3d4e76794-2
01:05:51.408 --> 01:05:54.747
opportunity charged whenever
possible to just keep the

28586bb4-ebd1-4451-9b50-05d3d4e76794-3
01:05:54.747 --> 01:05:55.840
battery topped up.

0e61cc6f-52e5-48db-b93c-200f01876e38-0
01:05:56.520 --> 01:06:00.661
Pure EVs which are capable of
using rapid charge points could

0e61cc6f-52e5-48db-b93c-200f01876e38-1
01:06:00.661 --> 01:06:05.070
be fully charged in as little as
30 minutes and can be topped off

0e61cc6f-52e5-48db-b93c-200f01876e38-2
01:06:05.070 --> 01:06:09.011
in 20 depending on the type of
charger point and the power

0e61cc6f-52e5-48db-b93c-200f01876e38-3
01:06:09.011 --> 01:06:09.680
available.

9bf1f156-b7dc-4a05-aa82-1d0e2efe8feb-0
01:06:10.400 --> 01:06:14.110
Plug in hybrids take
approximately 2 hours to charge

9bf1f156-b7dc-4a05-aa82-1d0e2efe8feb-1
01:06:14.110 --> 01:06:18.660
from a standard electric supply,
and E Revs take approximately 4

9bf1f156-b7dc-4a05-aa82-1d0e2efe8feb-2
01:06:18.660 --> 01:06:21.600
hours to charge from a standard
electric.

35eebecd-fd05-4785-9b3e-42fdeff7b31c-0
01:06:22.400 --> 01:06:26.892
Plug in hybrids and E Revs
require less time to charge

35eebecd-fd05-4785-9b3e-42fdeff7b31c-1
01:06:26.892 --> 01:06:31.874
because their batteries are
actually smaller so that EVs can

35eebecd-fd05-4785-9b3e-42fdeff7b31c-2
01:06:31.874 --> 01:06:36.040
be charged everywhere with no
connection problems.

4037608d-5986-4032-8b01-d1d4efa3e89a-0
01:06:36.200 --> 01:06:39.720
It was necessary to state
standardized charging cables,

4037608d-5986-4032-8b01-d1d4efa3e89a-1
01:06:39.720 --> 01:06:41.040
sockets, and methods.

96f31c45-82f4-4cfa-8fbe-256f0acf8178-0
01:06:41.400 --> 01:06:44.611
Although we will not go into
depths with the various types of

96f31c45-82f4-4cfa-8fbe-256f0acf8178-1
01:06:44.611 --> 01:06:47.720
cables and sockets, they can be
broken up into three types.

41780c44-f640-4f17-a592-105396ae1833-0
01:06:48.040 --> 01:06:51.188
One, the charging cable is
permanently mounted mounted to

41780c44-f640-4f17-a592-105396ae1833-1
01:06:51.188 --> 01:06:51.840
the vehicle.

28928c3e-c51d-4c3a-8282-0bd0b40dd002-0
01:06:52.320 --> 01:06:55.744
2, the charging cable is not
permanently connected to the

28928c3e-c51d-4c3a-8282-0bd0b40dd002-1
01:06:55.744 --> 01:06:59.582
vehicle or the charging station
and three, the charging cable is

28928c3e-c51d-4c3a-8282-0bd0b40dd002-2
01:06:59.582 --> 01:07:02.240
permanently mounted to the
charging station.

20a5787f-dac6-4177-b222-80eaa468bffe-0
01:07:03.320 --> 01:07:06.751
There is 1/4 option which we
feel is going to become a more

20a5787f-dac6-4177-b222-80eaa468bffe-1
01:07:06.751 --> 01:07:10.240
standard feature in the future,
which is inductive charging.

96a26879-d8bb-4f15-935e-a42880556370-0
01:07:10.520 --> 01:07:14.129
Like many cell phones out there,
there are some electric vehicles

96a26879-d8bb-4f15-935e-a42880556370-1
01:07:14.129 --> 01:07:15.880
that can be charged inductively.

af41f89a-17bc-4359-b78c-b3fd53a70acb-0
01:07:16.240 --> 01:07:19.760
Charging occurs without contact
via inductive loop.

e24bb355-df8e-4d0e-afdb-759e6985042c-0
01:07:20.320 --> 01:07:23.861
The technical complexities and
thus the costs are considerable

e24bb355-df8e-4d0e-afdb-759e6985042c-1
01:07:23.861 --> 01:07:26.840
for the charging station as well
As for the vehicle.

c27608ef-5087-4c5c-8680-dcf3cd3304f7-0
01:07:27.440 --> 01:07:30.895
This system is not yet ready for
the market or for a large scale

c27608ef-5087-4c5c-8680-dcf3cd3304f7-1
01:07:30.895 --> 01:07:31.480
production.

ee3da53c-3c6e-48f9-b381-5e195d3305a7-0
01:07:42.240 --> 01:07:46.285
Range anxiety continues to be an
issue to electric vehicle

ee3da53c-3c6e-48f9-b381-5e195d3305a7-1
01:07:46.285 --> 01:07:47.040
acceptance.

d30d773f-e996-47c9-b6db-6b8c3997d31d-0
01:07:47.320 --> 01:07:51.014
Wireless power transfer or the
inductive charging is a means to

d30d773f-e996-47c9-b6db-6b8c3997d31d-1
01:07:51.014 --> 01:07:54.477
increase the range of electric
vehicles without substantial

d30d773f-e996-47c9-b6db-6b8c3997d31d-2
01:07:54.477 --> 01:07:56.439
impact to the weight of the
cost.

9868b924-18f3-40ac-a94e-4cafa99a8449-0
01:07:57.240 --> 01:08:01.672
So wireless transfer is an
innovative system for wirelessly

9868b924-18f3-40ac-a94e-4cafa99a8449-1
01:08:01.672 --> 01:08:05.587
charging the batteries in
electric vehicles in three

9868b924-18f3-40ac-a94e-4cafa99a8449-2
01:08:05.587 --> 01:08:06.400
categories.

7359ad85-8dae-4cc0-be43-66f68bfc2885-0
01:08:06.760 --> 01:08:09.838
Stationary which is the vehicle
is parked and there's no driver

7359ad85-8dae-4cc0-be43-66f68bfc2885-1
01:08:09.838 --> 01:08:10.560
in the vehicle.

29594487-a146-4f48-b662-4c1f235f1f73-0
01:08:11.360 --> 01:08:15.360
Quasi dynamic where the vehicle
is stopped, the driver is in the

29594487-a146-4f48-b662-4c1f235f1f73-1
01:08:15.360 --> 01:08:18.560
vehicle and dynamic where the
vehicle is in motion.

7f67508b-fcd4-4b77-a881-60761d502da9-0
01:08:19.360 --> 01:08:22.930
With stationary charging,
electric energy is transferred

7f67508b-fcd4-4b77-a881-60761d502da9-1
01:08:22.930 --> 01:08:26.376
to the parked vehicle and it's
important to keep the a

7f67508b-fcd4-4b77-a881-60761d502da9-2
01:08:26.376 --> 01:08:30.009
geometrical alignment of the
primary and secondary within

7f67508b-fcd4-4b77-a881-60761d502da9-3
01:08:30.009 --> 01:08:34.081
certain tolerance levels, hence
the stationary vehicle without a

7f67508b-fcd4-4b77-a881-60761d502da9-4
01:08:34.081 --> 01:08:34.519
driver.

6217e7b7-333b-40b2-a723-20a330d5bfd1-0
01:08:34.520 --> 01:08:37.120
So basically the in your garage.

541ce552-be1e-4526-a4e9-2d8dd90e6e14-0
01:08:38.480 --> 01:08:41.560
In this case the driver simply
parks a vehicle over the

541ce552-be1e-4526-a4e9-2d8dd90e6e14-1
01:08:41.560 --> 01:08:44.640
induction pad and the charging
commences automatically.

9e0be710-fb9c-4e81-b442-04b39ed96129-0
01:08:44.920 --> 01:08:48.746
This type of charging requires
no charging poles or associate

9e0be710-fb9c-4e81-b442-04b39ed96129-1
01:08:48.746 --> 01:08:49.240
cabling.

d9c31c56-2d42-413b-bd86-cda4c009224f-0
01:08:49.920 --> 01:08:54.276
With the quasi dynamic wireless
charging, the energy is

d9c31c56-2d42-413b-bd86-cda4c009224f-1
01:08:54.276 --> 01:08:59.176
transferred from the roadside
primary coil system of a limited

d9c31c56-2d42-413b-bd86-cda4c009224f-2
01:08:59.176 --> 01:09:04.155
length to the secondary coil of
a slow moving or in stop and go

d9c31c56-2d42-413b-bd86-cda4c009224f-3
01:09:04.155 --> 01:09:06.800
mode stop and go traffic
vehicle.

2505bd20-17fa-433b-ad08-19d0891df250-0
01:09:07.720 --> 01:09:10.943
With the dynamic wireless
charging, the energy is

2505bd20-17fa-433b-ad08-19d0891df250-1
01:09:10.943 --> 01:09:14.618
transferred via a special
driving lane equipped with the

2505bd20-17fa-433b-ad08-19d0891df250-2
01:09:14.618 --> 01:09:18.422
primary coil system at a high
power level to the secondary

2505bd20-17fa-433b-ad08-19d0891df250-3
01:09:18.422 --> 01:09:21.840
coil of a vehicle moving at
medium to high velocity.

897ac66b-51ad-4a92-aa4f-74821b3d4a5e-0
01:09:22.840 --> 01:09:26.660
These wireless charging systems
work in a range of adverse

897ac66b-51ad-4a92-aa4f-74821b3d4a5e-1
01:09:26.660 --> 01:09:30.221
conditions, including
extremities of temperature while

897ac66b-51ad-4a92-aa4f-74821b3d4a5e-2
01:09:30.221 --> 01:09:33.200
submerged in water or covered in
ice or snow.

ba623640-c7f5-45f2-8a7e-f143f60a02c5-0
01:09:33.400 --> 01:09:37.260
It also operates under asphalt
or embedded in concrete and is

ba623640-c7f5-45f2-8a7e-f143f60a02c5-1
01:09:37.260 --> 01:09:40.000
also unaffected by dust or harsh
chemicals.

788bb285-1745-4b07-89f9-776e8f10e77d-0
01:09:43.840 --> 01:09:47.601
So let's take a look at a couple
of recent New York rulings that

788bb285-1745-4b07-89f9-776e8f10e77d-1
01:09:47.601 --> 01:09:49.280
classified electric vehicles.

fecb920c-2560-4eb9-973a-6e3efd578f4e-0
01:09:49.760 --> 01:09:53.271
In the first case, we had a 2
door electric vehicle used on

fecb920c-2560-4eb9-973a-6e3efd578f4e-1
01:09:53.271 --> 01:09:55.320
private property or in bike
lanes.

e2824dfb-d968-4728-98b1-444da2182a7d-0
01:09:55.520 --> 01:09:59.835
The vehicle measured 87 inches
long by 47 inches high by 57

e2824dfb-d968-4728-98b1-444da2182a7d-1
01:09:59.835 --> 01:10:03.360
inches wide with six inches of
ground clearance.

ac58272b-7f6b-4753-8db4-fee2ceed1e9c-0
01:10:03.680 --> 01:10:07.886
The vehicle weighed
approximately 816 lbs at a top

ac58272b-7f6b-4753-8db4-fee2ceed1e9c-1
01:10:07.886 --> 01:10:13.165
speed of less than 20 miles an
hour and the vehicles classified

ac58272b-7f6b-4753-8db4-fee2ceed1e9c-2
01:10:13.165 --> 01:10:14.320
87 O 380-0000.

2c1cbf77-c0dd-4faf-a906-39705101815f-0
01:10:16.600 --> 01:10:18.960
Here we see the Solo electric
car.

621a3314-72b1-4f9f-ab4d-b64ad9e22e78-0
01:10:19.120 --> 01:10:22.491
The Solo was a three wheel
single occupant vehicle powered

621a3314-72b1-4f9f-ab4d-b64ad9e22e78-1
01:10:22.491 --> 01:10:23.920
solely by electric motor.

574210e3-db26-444b-9b4a-9c0dcc7447ff-0
01:10:24.240 --> 01:10:28.087
The vehicle provided 100 mile
range with a top speed of 80

574210e3-db26-444b-9b4a-9c0dcc7447ff-1
01:10:28.087 --> 01:10:29.000
miles an hour.

9ef4b24d-8cbf-46f0-9c4b-e0c3787e4fb8-0
01:10:29.400 --> 01:10:35.040
This vehicle was also classified
in Eighty 703-8000.

8a5a7552-8c90-4be0-81a1-ce6dff688b42-0
01:10:40.120 --> 01:10:43.440
Next we had the Hyundai Nexo
fuel cell.

ad2dd677-a444-432e-beeb-ca6260149bef-0
01:10:43.800 --> 01:10:47.853
The Nexo was A5 door sports
utility vehicle powered by a

ad2dd677-a444-432e-beeb-ca6260149bef-1
01:10:47.853 --> 01:10:51.480
fuel cell system with seating
for five passengers.

c9add3ae-7f15-49e4-b860-5f40f60ed0a6-0
01:10:52.040 --> 01:10:55.960
The Nexo was powered by 161
horsepower electric motor.

468843cb-0055-4e16-a131-6bbc6bd70d10-0
01:10:56.400 --> 01:11:02.002
It had a maximum driving range
of approximately 370 miles and

468843cb-0055-4e16-a131-6bbc6bd70d10-1
01:11:02.002 --> 01:11:06.520
the vehicle was also classified
in 87 O 380-0000.

8f5ea9e2-dff8-440c-a115-b9f60bfc9529-0
01:11:07.440 --> 01:11:11.493
Now another common myth is an
economy based on hydrogen rather

8f5ea9e2-dff8-440c-a115-b9f60bfc9529-1
01:11:11.493 --> 01:11:15.483
than carbon is the solution of
the future as hydrogen powered

8f5ea9e2-dff8-440c-a115-b9f60bfc9529-2
01:11:15.483 --> 01:11:19.086
vehicles would not get any
carbon exhaust and many have

8f5ea9e2-dff8-440c-a115-b9f60bfc9529-3
01:11:19.086 --> 01:11:23.140
considered hydrogen as a fuel to
be sought after for sustained

8f5ea9e2-dff8-440c-a115-b9f60bfc9529-4
01:11:23.140 --> 01:11:23.719
mobility.

38516e80-7e5f-4d4c-bb14-6e1ff658d6e8-0
01:11:24.080 --> 01:11:26.040
The problem lies in the details.

630d0bdb-a253-418d-9126-27e9723fccca-0
01:11:26.360 --> 01:11:29.800
Hydrogen does not occur freely
in the atmosphere.

72b8ee89-ea50-4f71-96d1-97359a78263a-0
01:11:29.960 --> 01:11:32.880
It has to be trapped and used
like electricity.

751473ca-e77e-4ce7-b01f-bf58a236f199-0
01:11:32.880 --> 01:11:36.837
Hydrogen is a carrier of energy,
but needs to be produced

751473ca-e77e-4ce7-b01f-bf58a236f199-1
01:11:36.837 --> 01:11:37.520
somewhere.

7fcf1bfa-7bf3-4e9d-8e2b-7e04fa94b068-0
01:11:38.240 --> 01:11:41.607
There are many ways to do this,
but another primary fuel is

7fcf1bfa-7bf3-4e9d-8e2b-7e04fa94b068-1
01:11:41.607 --> 01:11:42.000
needed.

e5e01aa9-2e2e-4ce3-b977-591f33b54054-0
01:11:42.200 --> 01:11:46.000
For example, hydrogen can be
produced by electrolysis of

e5e01aa9-2e2e-4ce3-b977-591f33b54054-1
01:11:46.000 --> 01:11:46.400
water.

54ae9f64-cd48-4e46-babc-fcb3917f51ce-0
01:11:46.760 --> 01:11:50.864
However, electrolysis requires a
huge amount of energy, usually

54ae9f64-cd48-4e46-babc-fcb3917f51ce-1
01:11:50.864 --> 01:11:54.520
electricity, to separate
hydrogen molecules from oxygen.

e8a6935f-8bd3-4bd0-9e8b-9dcd5c4defa6-0
01:11:54.920 --> 01:11:58.700
That same electricity could be
used directly, taking advantage

e8a6935f-8bd3-4bd0-9e8b-9dcd5c4defa6-1
01:11:58.700 --> 01:12:01.940
of the well established global
network for electrical

e8a6935f-8bd3-4bd0-9e8b-9dcd5c4defa6-2
01:12:01.940 --> 01:12:02.720
distribution.

cb8d01a4-b91c-4f6b-b6c6-158b71636c4a-0
01:12:03.000 --> 01:12:07.280
Using electrolysis to produce
hydrogen offers minimal promise.

5b923dbe-dd13-45f8-bf18-5dd83ed602be-0
01:12:12.600 --> 01:12:15.920
On September 27th, 2019, the
Office of U.S.

5d2e6484-9c95-4423-9520-e04b7e6733ad-0
01:12:15.920 --> 01:12:19.074
Trade Representatives announced
the Section 3 O1 tariff

5d2e6484-9c95-4423-9520-e04b7e6733ad-1
01:12:19.074 --> 01:12:19.920
exemption List.

6d7860da-150b-4270-b488-55d4a51fb090-0
01:12:20.480 --> 01:12:27.387
A new tariff note, 20 Triple S
and 20 Triple T to sub Chapter 3

6d7860da-150b-4270-b488-55d4a51fb090-1
01:12:27.387 --> 01:12:34.186
of Chapter 9999 O 387 sorry 8867
was implemented as set out in

6d7860da-150b-4270-b488-55d4a51fb090-2
01:12:34.186 --> 01:12:38.720
the Annex to the Federal
Register Notice.

1a305946-3ca2-4876-aca9-2cf13a14a2e3-0
01:12:38.960 --> 01:12:42.403
Product exemptions were
reflected in the specially

1a305946-3ca2-4876-aca9-2cf13a14a2e3-1
01:12:42.403 --> 01:12:46.658
prepared product descriptions,
which included motorcycles with

1a305946-3ca2-4876-aca9-2cf13a14a2e3-2
01:12:46.658 --> 01:12:50.777
electric power for propulsion,
each of a power not exceeding

1a305946-3ca2-4876-aca9-2cf13a14a2e3-3
01:12:50.777 --> 01:12:51.520
1000 watts.

86a70366-de5e-4924-9a65-db6440bde66a-0
01:12:52.640 --> 01:12:55.510
But what do they mean by
motorcycle with electric power

86a70366-de5e-4924-9a65-db6440bde66a-1
01:12:55.510 --> 01:12:56.280
for propulsion?

7df2d113-813d-4200-a4e2-d6b06b39d51c-0
01:12:57.160 --> 01:12:58.600
Are we not talking?

5dd05072-1991-4743-b769-e6b35a61bfbe-0
01:12:59.240 --> 01:13:03.083
Are we only talking about what
we would consider quote

5dd05072-1991-4743-b769-e6b35a61bfbe-1
01:13:03.083 --> 01:13:05.040
traditional motorcycles now?

2f24b701-7b8e-4ca6-b5ce-d05b27a3389e-0
01:13:05.520 --> 01:13:10.831
Now of course this is a moot
point as the exclusion expired

2f24b701-7b8e-4ca6-b5ce-d05b27a3389e-1
01:13:10.831 --> 01:13:16.320
on May 31st, 2024 and it was not
renewed on August 1st, 2024.

5c4c2393-fed6-448d-8ec4-5bb7d6040911-0
01:13:17.680 --> 01:13:22.668
A 100% three O 1 rate of duty
was supposed to be placed on old

5c4c2393-fed6-448d-8ec4-5bb7d6040911-1
01:13:22.668 --> 01:13:27.657
Chinese electric vehicles and
plug in hybrids for a total rate

5c4c2393-fed6-448d-8ec4-5bb7d6040911-2
01:13:27.657 --> 01:13:29.400
of duty of two 102.5%.

158f95ab-831d-49ad-b0d0-55ae2fae56f0-0
01:13:30.840 --> 01:13:36.192
My understanding before everyone
starts asking questions is it is

158f95ab-831d-49ad-b0d0-55ae2fae56f0-1
01:13:36.192 --> 01:13:36.760
coming.

34830dda-6e6d-4190-8895-a581ebd68e23-0
01:13:37.040 --> 01:13:40.320
It will be here before the end
of 2024.

9aba782c-8f90-4c78-b5ef-697793ca5fd0-0
01:13:40.880 --> 01:13:45.628
They were just a a large number
of comments that were received

9aba782c-8f90-4c78-b5ef-697793ca5fd0-1
01:13:45.628 --> 01:13:50.603
from the Federal Register notice
that the USTR is working through

9aba782c-8f90-4c78-b5ef-697793ca5fd0-2
01:13:50.603 --> 01:13:54.824
and then they're going to
formally implement the that's

9aba782c-8f90-4c78-b5ef-697793ca5fd0-3
01:13:54.824 --> 01:13:55.880
the three O 1.

203ae519-6ee8-4f0c-886c-dc8747841be3-0
01:13:59.360 --> 01:13:59.680
OK.

6cb822b5-6e88-4feb-843c-f721fe731231-0
01:13:59.680 --> 01:14:03.932
So although the term motorcycle
is not defined in the tariff,

6cb822b5-6e88-4feb-843c-f721fe731231-1
01:14:03.932 --> 01:14:07.979
the term 87 O 8711 suggests a
broad range of vehicles that

6cb822b5-6e88-4feb-843c-f721fe731231-2
01:14:07.979 --> 01:14:12.438
include motor bicycles or mopeds
and other similar vehicles that

6cb822b5-6e88-4feb-843c-f721fe731231-3
01:14:12.438 --> 01:14:15.662
are not conventional
motorcycles, for example,

6cb822b5-6e88-4feb-843c-f721fe731231-4
01:14:15.662 --> 01:14:18.200
vehicles where the driver is
seated.

5defc096-c3ee-46b2-a710-0295b654bf86-0
01:14:19.120 --> 01:14:22.303
When tariff terms are not
defined by the tariff or in the

5defc096-c3ee-46b2-a710-0295b654bf86-1
01:14:22.303 --> 01:14:25.597
explanatory notes, they are
construed with their common and

5defc096-c3ee-46b2-a710-0295b654bf86-2
01:14:25.597 --> 01:14:26.640
commercial meaning.

c1d647e2-dc79-4d0f-b59a-5c4b973f4c6c-0
01:14:27.080 --> 01:14:31.681
According to common definitions,
a motorcycle is a quote 2

c1d647e2-dc79-4d0f-b59a-5c4b973f4c6c-1
01:14:31.681 --> 01:14:36.594
wheeled motorized vehicle where
the two wheels are not side by

c1d647e2-dc79-4d0f-b59a-5c4b973f4c6c-2
01:14:36.594 --> 01:14:37.920
side but in line.

46eb9418-7092-402c-b461-8c985dd47cbb-0
01:14:38.880 --> 01:14:42.281
Additionally, the explanatory
notes to 8711 suggests that

46eb9418-7092-402c-b461-8c985dd47cbb-1
01:14:42.281 --> 01:14:45.214
there is no need to further
differentiate between

46eb9418-7092-402c-b461-8c985dd47cbb-2
01:14:45.214 --> 01:14:47.736
conventional and non
conventional types of

46eb9418-7092-402c-b461-8c985dd47cbb-3
01:14:47.736 --> 01:14:48.440
motorcycles.

8d66d333-5d74-4eae-93d2-66430579fb27-0
01:14:48.840 --> 01:14:52.928
They state that the heading also
covers 2 wheeled, electrically

8d66d333-5d74-4eae-93d2-66430579fb27-1
01:14:52.928 --> 01:14:56.889
powered transportation devices
designed for carrying a single

8d66d333-5d74-4eae-93d2-66430579fb27-2
01:14:56.889 --> 01:15:00.850
person or used within low speed
areas such as pavements, path

8d66d333-5d74-4eae-93d2-66430579fb27-3
01:15:00.850 --> 01:15:02.000
and bicycle lanes.

65ec745d-9b38-4229-b35e-c440d513afcb-0
01:15:02.320 --> 01:15:06.350
Their technology allows the
rider to stand upright while the

65ec745d-9b38-4229-b35e-c440d513afcb-1
01:15:06.350 --> 01:15:10.381
system, composed of gyroscopic
sensors and multiple on board

65ec745d-9b38-4229-b35e-c440d513afcb-2
01:15:10.381 --> 01:15:14.280
microprocessors, maintains both
the device and the rider's

65ec745d-9b38-4229-b35e-c440d513afcb-3
01:15:14.280 --> 01:15:17.320
balance on two independent non
tandem wheels.

108228c3-576a-466f-a86a-94fb6080e39b-0
01:15:18.280 --> 01:15:21.311
Motorcycles of this heading,
which are propelled by one or

108228c3-576a-466f-a86a-94fb6080e39b-1
01:15:21.311 --> 01:15:24.240
more electric motors, are known
as electric motorcycles.

a30d674a-0487-4a89-9ca8-74f3f97c547a-0
01:15:24.840 --> 01:15:27.755
Now these motorcycles
incorporate an electric

a30d674a-0487-4a89-9ca8-74f3f97c547a-1
01:15:27.755 --> 01:15:31.622
accumulator pack accumulator
pack which applies the power to

a30d674a-0487-4a89-9ca8-74f3f97c547a-2
01:15:31.622 --> 01:15:32.320
the motors.

70d65ba8-a37b-4bc7-8169-711273d4d294-0
01:15:32.840 --> 01:15:36.312
The electric accumulators of
these plug in type motorcycles

70d65ba8-a37b-4bc7-8169-711273d4d294-1
01:15:36.312 --> 01:15:39.841
can be recharged by plugging
them into electrical power grid

70d65ba8-a37b-4bc7-8169-711273d4d294-2
01:15:39.841 --> 01:15:41.520
outlets or charging stations.

75a4dfb3-7d66-4766-a28f-9a78c626cc0a-0
01:15:42.560 --> 01:15:46.301
There is a type of electrical
bicycle that is not covered by

75a4dfb3-7d66-4766-a28f-9a78c626cc0a-1
01:15:46.301 --> 01:15:50.042
the three O 1 exemptions which
is the pedal assist without a

75a4dfb3-7d66-4766-a28f-9a78c626cc0a-2
01:15:50.042 --> 01:15:51.759
separate handlebar throttle.

cdee9c1f-b31f-45c8-b317-e9f65b8a93fe-0
01:15:52.840 --> 01:15:56.363
Now the pedal assist is a system
that augments the peddling done

cdee9c1f-b31f-45c8-b317-e9f65b8a93fe-1
01:15:56.363 --> 01:15:56.960
by a rider.

a7518799-c617-4532-827d-c392603d0d4d-0
01:15:57.520 --> 01:16:01.747
This assistance can be adjusted
from minimal assistance to what

a7518799-c617-4532-827d-c392603d0d4d-1
01:16:01.747 --> 01:16:04.720
I've been told is close to or
equal to 100%.

d072226e-dcef-4f64-9b69-4bb570ba0c8e-0
01:16:05.320 --> 01:16:10.475
The pedal assist is just that,
pedal assist and the rider stops

d072226e-dcef-4f64-9b69-4bb570ba0c8e-1
01:16:10.475 --> 01:16:11.200
pedaling.

b161337b-bacc-4c42-bd05-99b5a9687923-0
01:16:11.360 --> 01:16:15.096
The bike goes into a coasting
mode where there is no electric

b161337b-bacc-4c42-bd05-99b5a9687923-1
01:16:15.096 --> 01:16:15.760
propulsion.

aa29c80b-caf7-4933-a79b-b3835bfee24b-0
01:16:16.440 --> 01:16:20.182
Like we discussed when we were
looking at mild hybrids, these

aa29c80b-caf7-4933-a79b-b3835bfee24b-1
01:16:20.182 --> 01:16:23.200
pedal assist are classified as
electric bicycles.

a4cd3e8e-73bf-4f5f-ad63-74e8ca260454-0
01:16:23.400 --> 01:16:26.710
They are just not permitted the
exemption, which again is a moot

a4cd3e8e-73bf-4f5f-ad63-74e8ca260454-1
01:16:26.710 --> 01:16:29.920
point because the exemptions are
over, but they may come back.

cb628fec-996f-4007-9f69-674b52e76f31-0
01:16:30.680 --> 01:16:34.524
Some electric bicycles are
equipped with both pedal assist

cb628fec-996f-4007-9f69-674b52e76f31-1
01:16:34.524 --> 01:16:38.172
and throttles that will allow
the electrical propulsion

cb628fec-996f-4007-9f69-674b52e76f31-2
01:16:38.172 --> 01:16:42.081
without the pedalling and these
bicycles would be under the

cb628fec-996f-4007-9f69-674b52e76f31-3
01:16:42.081 --> 01:16:45.600
exemption and would be allowed
to modify tariff rate.

95cf6240-8b37-4597-a735-9ec9bc5074e7-0
01:16:47.200 --> 01:16:52.719
So now I am just going to turn
it over to National Import

95cf6240-8b37-4597-a735-9ec9bc5074e7-1
01:16:52.719 --> 01:16:58.619
Specialist Carl Moosberger, who
will be discussing electrical

95cf6240-8b37-4597-a735-9ec9bc5074e7-2
01:16:58.619 --> 01:17:04.710
motors a little bit because when
it comes to electric vehicles,

95cf6240-8b37-4597-a735-9ec9bc5074e7-3
01:17:04.710 --> 01:17:10.039
especially E bikes and E
scooters, there's a great deal

95cf6240-8b37-4597-a735-9ec9bc5074e7-4
01:17:10.039 --> 01:17:15.558
of confusion about how we
classify the vehicle due to the

95cf6240-8b37-4597-a735-9ec9bc5074e7-5
01:17:15.558 --> 01:17:16.319
wattage.

0364e8ba-4549-46ed-b86c-775d33af4e55-0
01:17:16.600 --> 01:17:19.280
So I'm going to turn it over to
Carl now.

e5a86ba5-7ba5-41b6-8590-97f14d836b90-0
01:17:19.600 --> 01:17:23.000
Carl, thank you, Matt.

4d8c4cf1-de20-4e17-b9da-9300cab30844-0
01:17:23.000 --> 01:17:26.240
Thank you everybody for
attending today's webinar.

b0d318a4-d5e4-40fe-b660-d290bc29265c-0
01:17:26.920 --> 01:17:30.520
As Matt introduced me, my name
is Carl Musburger.

eaafd3e0-fa3c-4f55-af6e-8e41de79825a-0
01:17:30.520 --> 01:17:35.031
I'm the national port specialist
for various electrical machines,

eaafd3e0-fa3c-4f55-af6e-8e41de79825a-1
01:17:35.031 --> 01:17:37.560
some of those being electric
motors.

61bf2985-da35-46c4-99fa-bd6f0a8df69c-0
01:17:37.560 --> 01:17:41.698
And I'm just going to touch a
little bit on this today, trying

61bf2985-da35-46c4-99fa-bd6f0a8df69c-1
01:17:41.698 --> 01:17:45.640
to focus on power output and
some of the terms that we use.

f4c7e42b-f777-4e6b-8e74-417d8c89aea1-0
01:17:46.880 --> 01:17:50.362
So because Matt has asked that I
focus on how we determine the

f4c7e42b-f777-4e6b-8e74-417d8c89aea1-1
01:17:50.362 --> 01:17:53.845
power output of electric motors,
we're not going to get too in

f4c7e42b-f777-4e6b-8e74-417d8c89aea1-2
01:17:53.845 --> 01:17:56.720
depth on the tariff
classification, which is a good

f4c7e42b-f777-4e6b-8e74-417d8c89aea1-3
01:17:56.720 --> 01:17:59.871
thing because electric motor
classification can be quite

f4c7e42b-f777-4e6b-8e74-417d8c89aea1-4
01:17:59.871 --> 01:18:03.520
convoluted, especially if you're
not familiar with all the terms.

bc585cf8-c0e1-43a3-9743-7e406c5d8731-0
01:18:04.400 --> 01:18:08.622
There's really no way to go into
a 15 minute snippet, which is

bc585cf8-c0e1-43a3-9743-7e406c5d8731-1
01:18:08.622 --> 01:18:12.711
what I'm planning to do, and do
the entire classification of

bc585cf8-c0e1-43a3-9743-7e406c5d8731-2
01:18:12.711 --> 01:18:14.319
motors any real justice.

f722a34d-95f9-4d94-bf80-cc4fa592d65d-0
01:18:14.320 --> 01:18:18.120
So we're just going to go over
some high level details about

f722a34d-95f9-4d94-bf80-cc4fa592d65d-1
01:18:18.120 --> 01:18:21.858
motors so that you will at least
be familiar with the terms

f722a34d-95f9-4d94-bf80-cc4fa592d65d-2
01:18:21.858 --> 01:18:24.599
before we start talking about
power output.

40094028-0f7a-45f3-8b12-deb424b9fd85-0
01:18:27.360 --> 01:18:30.513
As Matt said, an electric motor
converts electrical energy into

40094028-0f7a-45f3-8b12-deb424b9fd85-1
01:18:30.513 --> 01:18:31.400
mechanical energy.

a8607476-1fd6-4761-94d7-83190c58e062-0
01:18:31.680 --> 01:18:34.560
There are three families, this
is these are my terms.

8e58955a-b99e-4083-8c95-33a98de10599-0
01:18:34.560 --> 01:18:36.320
There's three families of
electric motors.

974d21f9-deae-489f-8ea9-032f9a1a432b-0
01:18:36.840 --> 01:18:40.558
You have the AC or alternating
current motors, DC or direct

974d21f9-deae-489f-8ea9-032f9a1a432b-1
01:18:40.558 --> 01:18:44.339
current motors, and then you
have those that operate on both

974d21f9-deae-489f-8ea9-032f9a1a432b-2
01:18:44.339 --> 01:18:48.119
AC as well as DC, which are
referred to as universal motors.

10cf6f5d-02c7-4d48-a11d-a9b2b0ab20f8-0
01:18:49.320 --> 01:18:52.606
Once you know the family of the
motor, then you have many

10cf6f5d-02c7-4d48-a11d-a9b2b0ab20f8-1
01:18:52.606 --> 01:18:56.006
industry subtypes that are
application specific, like today

10cf6f5d-02c7-4d48-a11d-a9b2b0ab20f8-2
01:18:56.006 --> 01:18:58.840
we're talking about electric
motors for vehicles.

1137a175-2d45-4c0a-99b2-c873c77bc1a1-0
01:18:59.360 --> 01:19:03.697
The tariff doesn't identify the
industry subtypes that could

1137a175-2d45-4c0a-99b2-c873c77bc1a1-1
01:19:03.697 --> 01:19:07.680
only identify as the motor
family and its power output.

c541b06c-6824-4572-8c0e-953c6ef5c480-0
01:19:09.240 --> 01:19:12.931
There are a number of different
types of motors used in electric

c541b06c-6824-4572-8c0e-953c6ef5c480-1
01:19:12.931 --> 01:19:16.282
vehicles like the brushless DC
motor for your scooter or a

c541b06c-6824-4572-8c0e-953c6ef5c480-2
01:19:16.282 --> 01:19:19.520
high-powered multi phase AC
motor for your electric car.

d24fc270-2362-4301-86d2-30a14b0356e3-0
01:19:20.360 --> 01:19:25.087
Some specific types of motors
are the BLDC or the brushless DC

d24fc270-2362-4301-86d2-30a14b0356e3-1
01:19:25.087 --> 01:19:29.740
motor, the PMSM or the Permanent
magnet synchronous motor, or

d24fc270-2362-4301-86d2-30a14b0356e3-2
01:19:29.740 --> 01:19:34.167
some AC motors like the multi
phase induction motor or the

d24fc270-2362-4301-86d2-30a14b0356e3-3
01:19:34.167 --> 01:19:38.520
Switched Reluctance motor which
is referred to as an SRM.

25405b6d-4c40-4496-83eb-36ba314dc98c-0
01:19:39.400 --> 01:19:42.915
The tariff mainly looks at the
type of electricity that causes

25405b6d-4c40-4496-83eb-36ba314dc98c-1
01:19:42.915 --> 01:19:43.920
the motor to turn.

58ffa8cb-45b0-4d77-9ccf-dbbda44ca53d-0
01:19:45.040 --> 01:19:49.093
So if a motor requires DC
electricity to produce rotation,

58ffa8cb-45b0-4d77-9ccf-dbbda44ca53d-1
01:19:49.093 --> 01:19:50.880
it's considered ADC motor.

7a4ddfb8-5660-4edf-af2d-a048202f6e18-0
01:19:51.680 --> 01:19:55.928
Likewise, if the motor needs AC
electricity to produce rotation,

7a4ddfb8-5660-4edf-af2d-a048202f6e18-1
01:19:55.928 --> 01:19:57.040
it's an AC motor.

7decffb6-bb7c-4d51-afe9-f0eb209ecd86-0
01:19:57.920 --> 01:19:59.080
Don't get confused.

0d85ee93-53f9-4f4c-8eb6-d97ca48a12e8-0
01:20:00.040 --> 01:20:03.328
In all instances, it's not
necessarily the type of

0d85ee93-53f9-4f4c-8eb6-d97ca48a12e8-1
01:20:03.328 --> 01:20:07.325
electricity that is supplied to
the whole motor assembly, but

0d85ee93-53f9-4f4c-8eb6-d97ca48a12e8-2
01:20:07.325 --> 01:20:09.840
specifically what type of
electricity.

4cbb7338-0ddc-434e-9da7-ee542917baf3-0
01:20:10.280 --> 01:20:14.690
Is applied to the rotor or the
stator that causes the rotation

4cbb7338-0ddc-434e-9da7-ee542917baf3-1
01:20:14.690 --> 01:20:15.320
to occur.

75ee47ea-8150-4bbe-9fc3-96fc46e50439-0
01:20:17.440 --> 01:20:22.012
This is definitely the case with
electric vehicles where you have

75ee47ea-8150-4bbe-9fc3-96fc46e50439-1
01:20:22.012 --> 01:20:26.445
stored DC power in the batteries
and then an inverter module on

75ee47ea-8150-4bbe-9fc3-96fc46e50439-2
01:20:26.445 --> 01:20:29.840
the motor assembly that converts
the DC into AC.

2f09069c-49fa-479a-8303-3f5ad00ae6ca-0
01:20:31.320 --> 01:20:34.801
Because AC is a type of power
that causes rotation, we would

2f09069c-49fa-479a-8303-3f5ad00ae6ca-1
01:20:34.801 --> 01:20:36.000
say it's an AC motor.

7bafe30d-22ba-4c42-8cb8-1c2e872ced1b-0
01:20:44.680 --> 01:20:47.799
As you can imagine, motors can
be complex assemblies, with

7bafe30d-22ba-4c42-8cb8-1c2e872ced1b-1
01:20:47.799 --> 01:20:51.130
electrical converters, gearing
control systems, and electrical

7bafe30d-22ba-4c42-8cb8-1c2e872ced1b-2
01:20:51.130 --> 01:20:53.880
control systems all imported as
one large assembly.

fa6b6564-fc16-41d1-844e-bbaeba4b9e66-0
01:20:54.960 --> 01:20:58.373
But these assemblies are still
considered electric motors, with

fa6b6564-fc16-41d1-844e-bbaeba4b9e66-1
01:20:58.373 --> 01:21:01.520
the caveat that it also depends
on what is attached to the

fa6b6564-fc16-41d1-844e-bbaeba4b9e66-2
01:21:01.520 --> 01:21:01.840
motor.

5bdc3d0e-78a6-4c57-8194-288dedb74836-0
01:21:02.920 --> 01:21:05.972
Here's where we get into some
Gray areas because at some point

5bdc3d0e-78a6-4c57-8194-288dedb74836-1
01:21:05.972 --> 01:21:09.024
an electric motor stops being
classified as a motor and become

5bdc3d0e-78a6-4c57-8194-288dedb74836-2
01:21:09.024 --> 01:21:11.640
something larger or more complex
than just the motor.

c3b44578-aeb9-4136-b7c5-901ad5e8c176-0
01:21:12.920 --> 01:21:17.620
So one thing you can to remember
is that the explanatory notes

c3b44578-aeb9-4136-b7c5-901ad5e8c176-1
01:21:17.620 --> 01:21:22.023
say that heading 85 O1 covers
electric motors of all types

c3b44578-aeb9-4136-b7c5-901ad5e8c176-2
01:21:22.023 --> 01:21:26.425
except for starter motors for
internal combustion engines,

c3b44578-aeb9-4136-b7c5-901ad5e8c176-3
01:21:26.425 --> 01:21:28.440
which go into heading 8511.

5fe64f89-fa8d-4007-829f-4064c129ef28-0
01:21:29.520 --> 01:21:33.943
So if you're curious, the top
picture there is a wiper motor

5fe64f89-fa8d-4007-829f-4064c129ef28-1
01:21:33.943 --> 01:21:38.221
for a vehicle, the middle is a
scooter motor, and then the

5fe64f89-fa8d-4007-829f-4064c129ef28-2
01:21:38.221 --> 01:21:42.644
bottom photo there on the right
is a PMSM motor for a pickup

5fe64f89-fa8d-4007-829f-4064c129ef28-3
01:21:42.644 --> 01:21:43.080
truck.

87f42e35-8af7-410c-a89f-98c8feb9659c-0
01:21:44.400 --> 01:21:45.400
Next slide, please, Matt.

ba75cf8d-5a94-420e-a55b-1b8374d73f18-0
01:21:48.960 --> 01:21:52.621
So at what point does an
electric motor stop being just a

ba75cf8d-5a94-420e-a55b-1b8374d73f18-1
01:21:52.621 --> 01:21:53.000
motor?

79e67651-84c7-4b1b-9ad7-b0f07a35608f-0
01:21:53.960 --> 01:21:58.779
CBP has addressed this in the
past, specifically in New York

79e67651-84c7-4b1b-9ad7-b0f07a35608f-1
01:21:58.779 --> 01:22:03.440
ruling N 322256, which was a
relatively recent ruling that

79e67651-84c7-4b1b-9ad7-b0f07a35608f-2
01:22:03.440 --> 01:22:08.180
described a motor that had an
inverter module, a gearbox, a

79e67651-84c7-4b1b-9ad7-b0f07a35608f-3
01:22:08.180 --> 01:22:12.209
cooling unit, regenerative
braking, and some other

79e67651-84c7-4b1b-9ad7-b0f07a35608f-4
01:22:12.209 --> 01:22:12.920
features.

ab337e9f-629f-4845-abc6-bbf63670f5a6-0
01:22:14.280 --> 01:22:17.949
Nonetheless, the motor was still
found to be classifiable under

ab337e9f-629f-4845-abc6-bbf63670f5a6-1
01:22:17.949 --> 01:22:21.332
heading 85 O1 because these
additional components serve to

ab337e9f-629f-4845-abc6-bbf63670f5a6-2
01:22:21.332 --> 01:22:24.200
complement or support the
operation of the motor.

9d1b4ba6-70fd-4a0a-b8af-288f64becef5-0
01:22:25.080 --> 01:22:28.335
On the screen here, you'll see
three bullets that outline this

9d1b4ba6-70fd-4a0a-b8af-288f64becef5-1
01:22:28.335 --> 01:22:28.800
approach.

688d5280-019c-43cd-b88f-b0c7efd550e2-0
01:22:29.320 --> 01:22:32.512
The most important in my opinion
is the first one that says the

688d5280-019c-43cd-b88f-b0c7efd550e2-1
01:22:32.512 --> 01:22:35.655
additional components that serve
to complement the function of

688d5280-019c-43cd-b88f-b0c7efd550e2-2
01:22:35.655 --> 01:22:38.000
the motor are classified with or
as the motor.

7d9389ab-450b-4ab3-a81b-26af2c5d880e-0
01:22:38.880 --> 01:22:44.278
So in the in the motor ruling
and 322256 which was classified

7d9389ab-450b-4ab3-a81b-26af2c5d880e-1
01:22:44.278 --> 01:22:49.415
as an electric motor, the
inverter which took the store DC

7d9389ab-450b-4ab3-a81b-26af2c5d880e-2
01:22:49.415 --> 01:22:54.291
power from the batteries and
converted it into AC to be

7d9389ab-450b-4ab3-a81b-26af2c5d880e-3
01:22:54.291 --> 01:22:56.119
applied to the motor.

040b460a-fdb0-4f03-99c4-11e62b27d204-0
01:22:57.520 --> 01:23:00.824
The cooling unit which kept the
motor from overheating, the

040b460a-fdb0-4f03-99c4-11e62b27d204-1
01:23:00.824 --> 01:23:04.018
gearbox which converted the
rotational output for use and

040b460a-fdb0-4f03-99c4-11e62b27d204-2
01:23:04.018 --> 01:23:05.560
then some control circuitry.

1f850271-821c-4f06-b567-e4809331d35f-0
01:23:06.200 --> 01:23:08.400
They all served the operation of
the motor.

612ceecc-4022-4675-91cf-3b3d348b8ef6-0
01:23:08.400 --> 01:23:11.632
Each of the additional
components worked to complement

612ceecc-4022-4675-91cf-3b3d348b8ef6-1
01:23:11.632 --> 01:23:15.158
the function of the motor or
transmitted the power that the

612ceecc-4022-4675-91cf-3b3d348b8ef6-2
01:23:15.158 --> 01:23:16.040
motor produces.

f9ac2cd6-bc3e-4700-b92b-768edaca89d1-0
01:23:17.480 --> 01:23:18.280
Next slide please.

188a89eb-d3ba-4672-87cd-95e90544069c-0
01:23:24.290 --> 01:23:28.175
However, a good coming or a good
consisting of a motor and an

188a89eb-d3ba-4672-87cd-95e90544069c-1
01:23:28.175 --> 01:23:32.060
actual mechanism or part of the
mechanism the motor serves to

188a89eb-d3ba-4672-87cd-95e90544069c-2
01:23:32.060 --> 01:23:34.880
power is beyond the scope of
heading 85 O 1.

d3a327cc-ce86-47c6-ba2a-8374db11c52b-0
01:23:35.640 --> 01:23:36.840
So here's where it gets tricky.

80beddd2-5b94-4eb7-af28-b87b3cdedb66-0
01:23:37.120 --> 01:23:40.578
The explanatory notes direct us
to include the gearbox if the

80beddd2-5b94-4eb7-af28-b87b3cdedb66-1
01:23:40.578 --> 01:23:41.360
motor has one.

0fe31423-e4e2-4d2d-9e90-0bfe89e82127-0
01:23:42.480 --> 01:23:44.808
Include that in the
classification of the motor as

0fe31423-e4e2-4d2d-9e90-0bfe89e82127-1
01:23:44.808 --> 01:23:46.360
being one component of the
motor.

26c0acaa-6db7-4af1-8ce6-f6bb04105b1c-0
01:23:47.000 --> 01:23:50.111
But as soon as you attach the
item that is receiving the

26c0acaa-6db7-4af1-8ce6-f6bb04105b1c-1
01:23:50.111 --> 01:23:53.441
output of the electric motor
stops being a motor and becomes

26c0acaa-6db7-4af1-8ce6-f6bb04105b1c-2
01:23:53.441 --> 01:23:56.280
the machine or a sub assembly of
a grading machine.

580d3063-ad1c-4bd6-8350-435d0eb1ff16-0
01:23:57.920 --> 01:23:58.680
Simple terms.

96a543cb-7536-44b9-ba73-569d31d063a0-0
01:23:58.680 --> 01:24:01.000
Take for example an electric
fan.

18a01644-90fe-4711-a45a-5226def68896-0
01:24:01.160 --> 01:24:04.520
You have a motor, a pedestal
base and fan blades.

957d997a-c83f-4962-9eb1-7a63af005fa0-0
01:24:04.960 --> 01:24:09.360
Once you put the blades on the
motor shaft it becomes a fan.

d42e197b-051e-457a-8370-81b5423aa295-0
01:24:10.640 --> 01:24:14.640
The same is with your garage
door head unit to introduce the

d42e197b-051e-457a-8370-81b5423aa295-1
01:24:14.640 --> 01:24:18.640
rail assembly, which is the part
that slides back and forth.

f01af015-adf1-4e9f-80a6-691298fe67f7-0
01:24:19.080 --> 01:24:21.520
It cannot be considered an
electric motor anymore.

bf62de46-cfa1-4963-8365-db35cc50bb7d-0
01:24:22.720 --> 01:24:23.520
Next slide, please.

c12a903b-21ea-44c1-bc0f-9e9e9a47a621-0
01:24:27.560 --> 01:24:31.622
I know the focus of Matt's
webinar is not about electric

c12a903b-21ea-44c1-bc0f-9e9e9a47a621-1
01:24:31.622 --> 01:24:36.184
motor classification, but with
motors, classification and power

c12a903b-21ea-44c1-bc0f-9e9e9a47a621-2
01:24:36.184 --> 01:24:40.389
output go hand in hand and the
power output has the direct

c12a903b-21ea-44c1-bc0f-9e9e9a47a621-3
01:24:40.389 --> 01:24:44.665
impact on numerous issues,
namely the classification of the

c12a903b-21ea-44c1-bc0f-9e9e9a47a621-4
01:24:44.665 --> 01:24:48.728
vehicle and as Matt mentioned,
Section 3O1 duties or the

c12a903b-21ea-44c1-bc0f-9e9e9a47a621-5
01:24:48.728 --> 01:24:52.720
exclusions to those duties for
classification purposes.

a6a6a98d-c045-4e34-b5e5-a8c8e0f817a0-0
01:24:52.720 --> 01:24:56.989
In addition to the type of
electric motor being AC or DC,

a6a6a98d-c045-4e34-b5e5-a8c8e0f817a0-1
01:24:56.989 --> 01:25:01.480
the tariff classifieds motors by
their maximum power output.

260e5209-fb2c-47d5-b485-e182a3520873-0
01:25:03.240 --> 01:25:06.793
Power output is measured in
watts or in some cases

260e5209-fb2c-47d5-b485-e182a3520873-1
01:25:06.793 --> 01:25:07.560
horsepower.

5758d98d-3b0a-4a05-b219-d727e18b3e13-0
01:25:08.640 --> 01:25:11.579
I personally like horsepower
because it removes the ability

5758d98d-3b0a-4a05-b219-d727e18b3e13-1
01:25:11.579 --> 01:25:14.372
for someone to calculate
incorrectly, which we'll get to

5758d98d-3b0a-4a05-b219-d727e18b3e13-2
01:25:14.372 --> 01:25:14.960
momentarily.

97f1ffa1-5b6a-4c75-acc0-f660eabd8605-0
01:25:16.280 --> 01:25:19.430
So if you can remember one thing
from my portion of the

97f1ffa1-5b6a-4c75-acc0-f660eabd8605-1
01:25:19.430 --> 01:25:21.400
presentation, it needs to be
this.

23358b2f-150a-48d6-b6f3-a1c4a26be074-0
01:25:22.600 --> 01:25:26.728
CBP relies on the maximum power
output achievable by the

23358b2f-150a-48d6-b6f3-a1c4a26be074-1
01:25:26.728 --> 01:25:31.073
electric motor for a short
period of time before mechanical

23358b2f-150a-48d6-b6f3-a1c4a26be074-2
01:25:31.073 --> 01:25:32.159
failure occurs.

f59e6699-cf1f-43fe-894e-d1a701f1abe6-0
01:25:33.080 --> 01:25:37.248
Not input power, not rated
power, not nominal power, but

f59e6699-cf1f-43fe-894e-d1a701f1abe6-1
01:25:37.248 --> 01:25:40.320
the maximum achievable
mechanical output.

02a71507-aed5-4751-960d-162e0e5b228f-0
01:25:41.600 --> 01:25:45.133
I've provided the dictionary
definition for what maximum

02a71507-aed5-4751-960d-162e0e5b228f-1
01:25:45.133 --> 01:25:49.100
means is the greatest possible
quantity or the upper limit of a

02a71507-aed5-4751-960d-162e0e5b228f-2
01:25:49.100 --> 01:25:49.720
variation.

270d3f30-4bce-4978-a968-5598c5ea878e-0
01:25:50.680 --> 01:25:54.220
The tariff doesn't specifically
use this term, but it does

270d3f30-4bce-4978-a968-5598c5ea878e-1
01:25:54.220 --> 01:25:57.520
require that we know and
classify by the maximum value

270d3f30-4bce-4978-a968-5598c5ea878e-2
01:25:57.520 --> 01:26:00.760
because it's written in the
tariff subheadings as not

270d3f30-4bce-4978-a968-5598c5ea878e-3
01:26:00.760 --> 01:26:02.680
exceeding a certain power value.

051621b1-c3c3-4061-9111-25b0f1e6cb75-0
01:26:03.920 --> 01:26:04.720
Next slide, please.

da713322-ae05-489e-9043-c31b79811f90-0
01:26:10.470 --> 01:26:11.350
Next slide, please.

28d7194f-a389-4d68-8010-e2e4ea6d7130-0
01:26:11.670 --> 01:26:12.990
Think we skipped a slide there.

006c72b9-55b1-4345-93f4-d9aeda013ace-0
01:26:13.310 --> 01:26:13.710
Go ahead.

9d1b5c75-2701-4293-93b5-1ec5934c0561-0
01:26:13.710 --> 01:26:14.230
Next slide.

390db433-76c4-41bc-b0fa-2ad32c9cc5ac-0
01:26:16.950 --> 01:26:17.510
There we go.

f912ab7e-0c93-4e93-802e-660de33e1ddb-0
01:26:20.040 --> 01:26:22.200
So here's a little snippet of
how the tariff is structured.

b9378837-2f16-49eb-adbb-4f39d5ad0bfe-0
01:26:22.400 --> 01:26:26.007
You can see that it gives an
upper parameter and a lower

b9378837-2f16-49eb-adbb-4f39d5ad0bfe-1
01:26:26.007 --> 01:26:26.640
parameter.

228b57c1-ca7c-45b3-b851-589cb662adca-0
01:26:27.360 --> 01:26:30.160
CDP views this as the maximum
achievable.

cfdaf85a-b9cc-4110-8cf1-79a64acdb9bf-0
01:26:31.000 --> 01:26:35.555
Just below that in blue, we see
the Section 31 exclusion that

cfdaf85a-b9cc-4110-8cf1-79a64acdb9bf-1
01:26:35.555 --> 01:26:38.200
limits on motorcycles power
output.

31631625-ea9b-48dc-a438-a496939937ff-0
01:26:39.480 --> 01:26:42.389
So why all the hoopla over terms
like maximum or nominal or

31631625-ea9b-48dc-a438-a496939937ff-1
01:26:42.389 --> 01:26:42.680
rated?

26a04122-dedd-4fe3-9b21-8226131e7a9e-0
01:26:43.640 --> 01:26:46.320
Because rated is not defined in
the tariff?

6edf6bf7-a922-4b60-b89b-8b117c0b814e-0
01:26:46.360 --> 01:26:51.240
Or is it an industry term TO1
motor manufacturer?

4d5a40df-b0ff-4560-a472-14157c0e8c07-0
01:26:51.360 --> 01:26:55.404
It could mean the maximum output
hour before mechanical failure

4d5a40df-b0ff-4560-a472-14157c0e8c07-1
01:26:55.404 --> 01:26:59.260
occurs, but another manufacturer
might use the term rated to

4d5a40df-b0ff-4560-a472-14157c0e8c07-2
01:26:59.260 --> 01:27:03.052
describe their motors intended
power output for an extended

4d5a40df-b0ff-4560-a472-14157c0e8c07-3
01:27:03.052 --> 01:27:04.000
period of time.

289a8d24-d438-43e2-ab7b-e5699170c7e6-0
01:27:05.640 --> 01:27:09.392
And nominal is a term that means
under normal conditions or

289a8d24-d438-43e2-ab7b-e5699170c7e6-1
01:27:09.392 --> 01:27:10.080
operations.

4a634da1-841e-4eb4-b450-56a726946853-0
01:27:10.080 --> 01:27:14.080
So clearly that doesn't equate
to a maximum power output and is

4a634da1-841e-4eb4-b450-56a726946853-1
01:27:14.080 --> 01:27:16.080
again manufacturer interpretive.

a19f1a9a-0eec-435d-8916-116c857f2d57-0
01:27:17.440 --> 01:27:21.245
If we consider how the term
maximum is defined, which is the

a19f1a9a-0eec-435d-8916-116c857f2d57-1
01:27:21.245 --> 01:27:25.175
greatest possible quantity or
degree reached or achievable, or

a19f1a9a-0eec-435d-8916-116c857f2d57-2
01:27:25.175 --> 01:27:29.042
the upper limit of a variation,
then you begin to see why CVP

a19f1a9a-0eec-435d-8916-116c857f2d57-3
01:27:29.042 --> 01:27:32.598
relies on the maximum value or
output for classification

a19f1a9a-0eec-435d-8916-116c857f2d57-4
01:27:32.598 --> 01:27:33.160
purposes.

3768672d-05a4-4c87-a31f-53f1b14ff6e7-0
01:27:33.960 --> 01:27:36.920
Without this definitive number
we would be all over the place.

ac6275d9-42b4-45eb-bf01-631c5ec1d275-0
01:27:38.560 --> 01:27:42.233
This is why it's so important to
put the terms in their place and

ac6275d9-42b4-45eb-bf01-631c5ec1d275-1
01:27:42.233 --> 01:27:45.462
rely on the motors maximum power
output level just before

ac6275d9-42b4-45eb-bf01-631c5ec1d275-2
01:27:45.462 --> 01:27:46.520
mechanical failure.

cb672fbb-9d4f-4f06-b924-4b9088eca970-0
01:27:47.040 --> 01:27:49.629
It's also why it's so important
that we know where this

cb672fbb-9d4f-4f06-b924-4b9088eca970-1
01:27:49.629 --> 01:27:52.080
information is obtained from or
how it's calculated.

aa68499c-227c-433e-9b08-84f0f820d44d-0
01:27:52.800 --> 01:27:56.654
Typically we would rely on the
motors manufacturer to determine

aa68499c-227c-433e-9b08-84f0f820d44d-1
01:27:56.654 --> 01:27:58.160
its maximum power output.

b26f94bd-bec5-4f73-b898-a8740b27b617-0
01:27:59.520 --> 01:28:03.693
The motor may have a name plate
or some other physical markings

b26f94bd-bec5-4f73-b898-a8740b27b617-1
01:28:03.693 --> 01:28:05.520
on the case, but not always.

93b8e450-43f9-48a4-bb84-d98f9e5d31d0-0
01:28:07.240 --> 01:28:10.752
But a motor or a vehicle will
have a specification sheet, or

93b8e450-43f9-48a4-bb84-d98f9e5d31d0-1
01:28:10.752 --> 01:28:14.436
the manufacturer can provide the
maximum power output for their

93b8e450-43f9-48a4-bb84-d98f9e5d31d0-2
01:28:14.436 --> 01:28:14.840
motors.

6dc50cae-17f5-4a7b-89a9-d3e4723ff219-0
01:28:15.360 --> 01:28:17.280
Because they designed them, they
test them.

92f185da-ed64-43b6-82c7-722b0e56c271-0
01:28:17.280 --> 01:28:21.301
In all cases, the performance of
the motor must be known as a

92f185da-ed64-43b6-82c7-722b0e56c271-1
01:28:21.301 --> 01:28:22.080
last resort.

41b64efe-8e11-4db0-87fc-6fb037ca8fce-0
01:28:22.080 --> 01:28:25.320
The motor can be placed on
what's called a dynamometer.

69e940bb-e3c4-4418-8656-d7a300de1972-0
01:28:26.680 --> 01:28:30.366
If you don't know what a
dynamometer is, there's some

69e940bb-e3c4-4418-8656-d7a300de1972-1
01:28:30.366 --> 01:28:34.258
great videos online that
describe them, how they used to

69e940bb-e3c4-4418-8656-d7a300de1972-2
01:28:34.258 --> 01:28:38.560
calculate the power, horsepower,
and watts of electric motors.

c607b8f5-4990-4ece-a7c5-69e50657ceb3-0
01:28:39.840 --> 01:28:42.120
But this isn't about electric
motors.

fc082df5-6639-4060-817c-25c530b1d647-0
01:28:42.840 --> 01:28:46.036
So why do we even care about
power output and classification

fc082df5-6639-4060-817c-25c530b1d647-1
01:28:46.036 --> 01:28:46.560
of motors?

b1db7cb0-0ca7-4b2b-9550-fbf3a1fbe882-0
01:28:48.120 --> 01:28:48.640
Next slide.

31aa0670-3523-42d3-a7d3-287233542956-0
01:28:52.840 --> 01:28:55.724
Primarily we care because the
tariff classifieds motors by

31aa0670-3523-42d3-a7d3-287233542956-1
01:28:55.724 --> 01:28:56.360
their output.

4202d48d-35b6-41b0-b313-6cdc28c6f575-0
01:28:57.080 --> 01:29:00.098
They're coming in by themselves
under head in 85 O1 for

4202d48d-35b6-41b0-b313-6cdc28c6f575-1
01:29:00.098 --> 01:29:03.062
instance, but also Matt's
vehicles classified by power

4202d48d-35b6-41b0-b313-6cdc28c6f575-2
01:29:03.062 --> 01:29:03.440
output.

59474e01-e605-478d-b562-a31640099229-0
01:29:03.440 --> 01:29:06.196
And there there are three O 1
exclusions that limit the

59474e01-e605-478d-b562-a31640099229-1
01:29:06.196 --> 01:29:07.280
vehicles power output.

a6866546-af90-49df-afb7-c18dc4bf21c1-0
01:29:08.760 --> 01:29:13.219
So take a quick look at the
specifications for the scooter,

a6866546-af90-49df-afb7-c18dc4bf21c1-1
01:29:13.219 --> 01:29:17.678
see that it's rated to 500
watts, but see also they provide

a6866546-af90-49df-afb7-c18dc4bf21c1-2
01:29:17.678 --> 01:29:19.760
the peak value of 750 watts.

9d9687fc-73de-4eaa-8f25-3db576438a6f-0
01:29:20.880 --> 01:29:23.805
This is exactly what you need to
look for when you're trying to

9d9687fc-73de-4eaa-8f25-3db576438a6f-1
01:29:23.805 --> 01:29:25.680
determine the power output of a
vehicle.

236e9d6a-dfe6-45d4-8b77-0fe533b5aa9e-0
01:29:26.400 --> 01:29:29.120
Also, we have two motors here, a
front and a rear.

c408cad3-3c85-420a-a0df-fe69175f2a0c-0
01:29:31.480 --> 01:29:34.631
The two peak outputs are
combined 1500 watts of power

c408cad3-3c85-420a-a0df-fe69175f2a0c-1
01:29:34.631 --> 01:29:35.040
output.

8f9314a6-2390-4464-83d0-d40e7e10810f-0
01:29:36.640 --> 01:29:40.992
So in this hypothetical example,
you would need to use the

8f9314a6-2390-4464-83d0-d40e7e10810f-1
01:29:40.992 --> 01:29:45.565
correct power outputs being 750
watts, and you would also add

8f9314a6-2390-4464-83d0-d40e7e10810f-2
01:29:45.565 --> 01:29:49.917
both motors together to get a
maximum power output of 1500

8f9314a6-2390-4464-83d0-d40e7e10810f-3
01:29:49.917 --> 01:29:50.359
watts.

f055219b-7371-433b-92fb-14f6eb356212-0
01:29:50.880 --> 01:29:54.282
If you incorrectly use only one
motor, or if you incorrectly use

f055219b-7371-433b-92fb-14f6eb356212-1
01:29:54.282 --> 01:29:57.528
the rated value of both motors
combined, then it would appear

f055219b-7371-433b-92fb-14f6eb356212-2
01:29:57.528 --> 01:29:58.680
to meet the exclusion.

d6226640-d4e6-4fcf-88b8-aed72aab1423-0
01:30:01.040 --> 01:30:05.555
I'd also like to point out that
Watt hours, which is represented

d6226640-d4e6-4fcf-88b8-aed72aab1423-1
01:30:05.555 --> 01:30:07.640
in as WH, is not power output.

cf570af0-7b26-4c1b-8794-d66f11466e10-0
01:30:08.120 --> 01:30:11.812
Watt hours refers to the amount
of electricity stored in the

cf570af0-7b26-4c1b-8794-d66f11466e10-1
01:30:11.812 --> 01:30:15.625
batteries and does not represent
our output of any motors, but

cf570af0-7b26-4c1b-8794-d66f11466e10-2
01:30:15.625 --> 01:30:17.320
rather the battery capacity.

0d5b0130-c686-4c87-8660-eef006ab5b61-0
01:30:18.440 --> 01:30:22.200
We also see amp hours shown as
AH, which is a battery rating

0d5b0130-c686-4c87-8660-eef006ab5b61-1
01:30:22.200 --> 01:30:25.898
that represents the amount of
electrical charge that can be

0d5b0130-c686-4c87-8660-eef006ab5b61-2
01:30:25.898 --> 01:30:27.440
supplied within one hour.

4746dfc2-040f-4020-8565-ceae1f5865f7-0
01:30:28.440 --> 01:30:31.767
The higher the number of amp
hours, the greater amount of

4746dfc2-040f-4020-8565-ceae1f5865f7-1
01:30:31.767 --> 01:30:35.094
energy stored, ultimately
resulting in longer mileage and

4746dfc2-040f-4020-8565-ceae1f5865f7-2
01:30:35.094 --> 01:30:35.840
better range.

0e337d7c-fae2-4387-8451-2be3eb08f4d7-0
01:30:36.360 --> 01:30:39.200
This too is not power output.

b2be984c-648d-4e7d-9a20-b953f08e11ea-0
01:30:42.040 --> 01:30:42.520
Next slide.

ba02d740-07b7-4ce2-b3c2-e2ec7c6fa052-0
01:30:46.000 --> 01:30:49.662
Sometimes electric motors can
have a stamp name plate or some

ba02d740-07b7-4ce2-b3c2-e2ec7c6fa052-1
01:30:49.662 --> 01:30:53.325
other identifying specification
information physically on the

ba02d740-07b7-4ce2-b3c2-e2ec7c6fa052-2
01:30:53.325 --> 01:30:53.679
motor.

15a9a895-6b73-4f60-9c66-134fc0d483fa-0
01:30:54.600 --> 01:30:57.421
This is probably not the case
with electric vehicle motors

15a9a895-6b73-4f60-9c66-134fc0d483fa-1
01:30:57.421 --> 01:31:00.386
because they're likely large
assemblies where the motor would

15a9a895-6b73-4f60-9c66-134fc0d483fa-2
01:31:00.386 --> 01:31:00.960
be internal.

13dae30b-1541-41da-b9bd-c77aa75e98f4-0
01:31:02.440 --> 01:31:05.613
If you go online and search for
electric bikes or scooters,

13dae30b-1541-41da-b9bd-c77aa75e98f4-1
01:31:05.613 --> 01:31:08.998
you'll be given lots of numbers
for watts and amp hours and all

13dae30b-1541-41da-b9bd-c77aa75e98f4-2
01:31:08.998 --> 01:31:11.960
sorts of other info like Max mph
and possible distance.

c83ea594-b70e-4718-b9eb-4ef343fa145d-0
01:31:13.000 --> 01:31:16.836
But be wary because CBP relies
on the maximum achievable

c83ea594-b70e-4718-b9eb-4ef343fa145d-1
01:31:16.836 --> 01:31:20.000
output, not any type of nominal
rating or mph.

0605dfe8-ab04-472c-baf4-b29133beb21d-0
01:31:21.920 --> 01:31:26.549
Now horsepower as I mentioned
earlier is a mechanical power

0605dfe8-ab04-472c-baf4-b29133beb21d-1
01:31:26.549 --> 01:31:30.869
output measurement that is
actually provided for in the

0605dfe8-ab04-472c-baf4-b29133beb21d-2
01:31:30.869 --> 01:31:35.267
tariff under Chapter 85,
Additional US Node one It where

0605dfe8-ab04-472c-baf4-b29133beb21d-3
01:31:35.267 --> 01:31:39.819
it says for the purposes of
headings 85 O 1 and 85 O3, 746

0605dfe8-ab04-472c-baf4-b29133beb21d-4
01:31:39.819 --> 01:31:43.600
watts is taken to be equivalent
to 1 horsepower.

470e2260-7739-4e9f-8cf9-e97d30f0e572-0
01:31:44.400 --> 01:31:47.386
So with a known horsepower, you
can easily convert that into

470e2260-7739-4e9f-8cf9-e97d30f0e572-1
01:31:47.386 --> 01:31:47.680
watts.

9975d148-60e6-4620-a121-934ce63ddcc4-0
01:31:48.800 --> 01:31:51.533
And of course, there are
numerous online engineering

9975d148-60e6-4620-a121-934ce63ddcc4-1
01:31:51.533 --> 01:31:54.834
resources that provide us with a
variety of calculation methods

9975d148-60e6-4620-a121-934ce63ddcc4-2
01:31:54.834 --> 01:31:56.640
to determine the Max power
output.

628f5c43-b8fb-49bd-bae3-82b869959633-0
01:31:57.440 --> 01:32:00.327
If you're not familiar with
motors or how to use these

628f5c43-b8fb-49bd-bae3-82b869959633-1
01:32:00.327 --> 01:32:03.635
formulas, we would advise you to
see technical advice from the

628f5c43-b8fb-49bd-bae3-82b869959633-2
01:32:03.635 --> 01:32:05.000
manufacturer of the motor.

f58dd21a-d72e-43c4-b854-878c7d3cf5c3-0
01:32:05.760 --> 01:32:09.847
Or you could obtain performance
specifications from a

f58dd21a-d72e-43c4-b854-878c7d3cf5c3-1
01:32:09.847 --> 01:32:13.935
dynamometer test that the
manufacturer importer could

f58dd21a-d72e-43c4-b854-878c7d3cf5c3-2
01:32:13.935 --> 01:32:14.920
already have.

41db7933-c2e1-409a-9b85-33ef222cb535-0
01:32:16.600 --> 01:32:17.360
Next slide, please.

44f8b8b3-7ee8-4707-b70f-ada9ee773323-0
01:32:20.440 --> 01:32:23.594
On the right here is an example
of what a dynamometer test would

44f8b8b3-7ee8-4707-b70f-ada9ee773323-1
01:32:23.594 --> 01:32:24.080
look like.

3c51694e-9fa8-414e-8f8d-171785c92b2b-0
01:32:26.880 --> 01:32:29.920
So that's pretty much all I have
after this limited plunge into

3c51694e-9fa8-414e-8f8d-171785c92b2b-1
01:32:29.920 --> 01:32:30.680
electric motors.

89206069-9c6d-4e1b-95e5-de82b8adcd11-0
01:32:30.960 --> 01:32:33.847
The take away from these
electric motor slides is this

89206069-9c6d-4e1b-95e5-de82b8adcd11-1
01:32:33.847 --> 01:32:36.945
know the right questions to ask
and the difference between

89206069-9c6d-4e1b-95e5-de82b8adcd11-2
01:32:36.945 --> 01:32:37.680
various terms.

24272d9a-6d71-4d1c-aada-e36365459101-0
01:32:38.280 --> 01:32:41.349
Whether you're an import
specialist with the Customs and

24272d9a-6d71-4d1c-aada-e36365459101-1
01:32:41.349 --> 01:32:44.633
Border Protection or you're a
broker, the question that must

24272d9a-6d71-4d1c-aada-e36365459101-2
01:32:44.633 --> 01:32:48.080
be asked is what is the motors
maximum achievable power output?

58460cf2-8b3e-41b0-b65c-2108625f573f-0
01:32:48.640 --> 01:32:52.282
If you don't get the term
maximum and you know what the

58460cf2-8b3e-41b0-b65c-2108625f573f-1
01:32:52.282 --> 01:32:56.120
term means, then you may not get
the correct power output.

57b0761b-2570-4da9-9fe4-13f3fbc2b034-0
01:32:58.480 --> 01:33:01.120
Don't be afraid to perform a
physical test.

09fc0110-a92e-4689-a799-7cd6c1a3a643-0
01:33:01.120 --> 01:33:04.546
A dynamometer will give you the
actual power maximum, and

09fc0110-a92e-4689-a799-7cd6c1a3a643-1
01:33:04.546 --> 01:33:08.445
manufacturer specification sheet
may prove useful if you know the

09fc0110-a92e-4689-a799-7cd6c1a3a643-2
01:33:08.445 --> 01:33:08.799
terms.

2cac8349-c09c-4dd0-bf6b-6a6548fbb3a0-0
01:33:09.160 --> 01:33:11.998
And remember, watts and
horsepower are mechanical

2cac8349-c09c-4dd0-bf6b-6a6548fbb3a0-1
01:33:11.998 --> 01:33:14.440
measurements, not electrical
measurements.

f6291d68-634f-4268-8d57-cb85772e824a-0
01:33:17.000 --> 01:33:17.440
Next slide.

cadfe4c9-6b49-47c1-abc3-f096404521ec-0
01:33:20.800 --> 01:33:22.120
All right, so that's pretty much
all I had.

668bac4b-9401-4716-86cf-bee3565dca8e-0
01:33:22.120 --> 01:33:24.200
I'm going to hand you back off
to Matt.

a1c0fc9c-55aa-472e-8d82-7edd18ea071d-0
01:33:24.600 --> 01:33:26.320
I appreciate your time and
attention.

119a2fc8-ad01-4edc-af54-066d686e693f-0
01:33:30.160 --> 01:33:30.800
Thanks, Carl.

49f9555e-4387-4502-bd9f-d1513c82cef4-0
01:33:30.800 --> 01:33:34.283
That was actually quite
entertaining and educational for

49f9555e-4387-4502-bd9f-d1513c82cef4-1
01:33:34.283 --> 01:33:37.521
me because I didn't know
anything about the the Dino

49f9555e-4387-4502-bd9f-d1513c82cef4-2
01:33:37.521 --> 01:33:41.126
meter, although I'm going to
next time I'm going to try to

49f9555e-4387-4502-bd9f-d1513c82cef4-3
01:33:41.126 --> 01:33:42.960
find a video to add into them.

0b902217-ffbf-4c4c-88bc-56f634695cf4-0
01:33:42.960 --> 01:33:46.600
I'm sure that's an interesting
an interesting looking video.

0855bf8a-6114-4886-b1d3-c141777209ab-0
01:33:47.640 --> 01:33:51.120
In human evolution, every age
has faced its challenges, so it

0855bf8a-6114-4886-b1d3-c141777209ab-1
01:33:51.120 --> 01:33:54.489
is understandable that each
generation has felt entitled to

0855bf8a-6114-4886-b1d3-c141777209ab-2
01:33:54.489 --> 01:33:57.240
the view that it lives in times
of great change.

5fdedc18-2335-466f-a761-33157b1dc887-0
01:33:57.640 --> 01:34:00.806
Yet the long lens of history
does reveal periods of

5fdedc18-2335-466f-a761-33157b1dc887-1
01:34:00.806 --> 01:34:03.120
exceptional, vigorous
transformation.

cfe509d0-6254-4431-96c5-351a8a24c0f6-0
01:34:03.920 --> 01:34:07.882
The Industrial Revolution of the
19th century, for example,

cfe509d0-6254-4431-96c5-351a8a24c0f6-1
01:34:07.882 --> 01:34:11.977
sparked major, major societal
changes, replacing agricultural

cfe509d0-6254-4431-96c5-351a8a24c0f6-2
01:34:11.977 --> 01:34:15.741
work with factory work for a
significant fraction of the

cfe509d0-6254-4431-96c5-351a8a24c0f6-3
01:34:15.741 --> 01:34:19.440
population across a swath of
industrializing countries.

8eb16195-da60-4d66-91e5-4b5f6422e455-0
01:34:19.920 --> 01:34:24.176
The post World War 2 years
triggered a rebalancing of

8eb16195-da60-4d66-91e5-4b5f6422e455-1
01:34:24.176 --> 01:34:29.221
global power, the dismantling of
colonial structures and leaps,

8eb16195-da60-4d66-91e5-4b5f6422e455-2
01:34:29.221 --> 01:34:32.769
and prosperity and
democratization in many E

8eb16195-da60-4d66-91e5-4b5f6422e455-3
01:34:32.769 --> 01:34:33.400
nations.

ccbed8ba-f408-48b2-bc5b-06f7fae85ffa-0
01:34:33.880 --> 01:34:38.566
In our age, we see the digital
revolution transforming society

ccbed8ba-f408-48b2-bc5b-06f7fae85ffa-1
01:34:38.566 --> 01:34:41.840
in a manner that is also as as
as profound.

19889fbc-90b9-47e9-bb46-40ad5b752225-0
01:34:44.880 --> 01:34:48.660
Disruptive changes triggered by
new innovations can occur over

19889fbc-90b9-47e9-bb46-40ad5b752225-1
01:34:48.660 --> 01:34:50.280
very short periods of time.

2fb0092a-9884-4e95-a200-2d8d1f128f74-0
01:34:51.080 --> 01:34:55.060
In the first photo in 19 O1, the
typical street in New York City

2fb0092a-9884-4e95-a200-2d8d1f128f74-1
01:34:55.060 --> 01:34:58.857
was a chaotic jumble of horse
drawn carriages and pedestrians

2fb0092a-9884-4e95-a200-2d8d1f128f74-2
01:34:58.857 --> 01:35:01.920
picking their way through mounds
of horse manure.

633c4fea-66ae-4d61-a18d-6c5bc30c981f-0
01:35:02.400 --> 01:35:06.953
Yet in the second photo, a brief
decade later, by 1911, the same

633c4fea-66ae-4d61-a18d-6c5bc30c981f-1
01:35:06.953 --> 01:35:11.227
streets were populated with
motor cars and horse drawn horse

633c4fea-66ae-4d61-a18d-6c5bc30c981f-2
01:35:11.227 --> 01:35:14.240
drawn carriages were rapidly
disappearing.

c3a57a86-2dcc-4bb7-9b8d-b7ecd313fba1-0
01:35:19.600 --> 01:35:23.443
When it comes to mobility,
future architects for cities

c3a57a86-2dcc-4bb7-9b8d-b7ecd313fba1-1
01:35:23.443 --> 01:35:26.600
must be flexible, affordable and
sustainable.

c36e91a4-612e-494f-9b41-d441729769da-0
01:35:26.960 --> 01:35:31.082
This does not happen by itself,
planning, orchestration and

c36e91a4-612e-494f-9b41-d441729769da-1
01:35:31.082 --> 01:35:32.800
oversight, or obligatory.

7fad85f0-d2fe-4103-89eb-2ebf75733241-0
01:35:33.360 --> 01:35:36.920
The challenge for city
administrators, therefore, is to

7fad85f0-d2fe-4103-89eb-2ebf75733241-1
01:35:36.920 --> 01:35:40.352
dynamically align their
policies, deploy investments,

7fad85f0-d2fe-4103-89eb-2ebf75733241-2
01:35:40.352 --> 01:35:44.548
and provide fiscal motivators in
ways that are aligned with needs

7fad85f0-d2fe-4103-89eb-2ebf75733241-3
01:35:44.548 --> 01:35:47.600
and designs to encourage
sustainable practices.

ab86c57b-8976-469e-a09e-fe278e72c978-0
01:35:48.120 --> 01:35:51.616
France, along with most of
Europe, has steadily advanced

ab86c57b-8976-469e-a09e-fe278e72c978-1
01:35:51.616 --> 01:35:55.602
auto emission standards for new
vehicles, tightened their levels

ab86c57b-8976-469e-a09e-fe278e72c978-2
01:35:55.602 --> 01:35:59.160
for permissible particulate and
nitrogen oxide emissions.

1a403858-8ecd-4d0d-9ab4-76d2335e6184-0
01:35:59.600 --> 01:36:04.027
Over the past decade, policies
have been put in place by cities

1a403858-8ecd-4d0d-9ab4-76d2335e6184-1
01:36:04.027 --> 01:36:08.247
such as Delhi, Barcelona and
Stockholm, motivated by similar

1a403858-8ecd-4d0d-9ab4-76d2335e6184-2
01:36:08.247 --> 01:36:12.260
goals to achieve a reduction in
personal vehicle usage in

1a403858-8ecd-4d0d-9ab4-76d2335e6184-3
01:36:12.260 --> 01:36:16.480
cities, mainly to improve air
quality and reduce congestion.

a8b63181-f441-4c55-b846-e675af967540-0
01:36:22.400 --> 01:36:26.031
In 2003, John Connor in
Terminator Three Rise of the

a8b63181-f441-4c55-b846-e675af967540-1
01:36:26.031 --> 01:36:29.320
Machine stated the future has
not been written.

b1218401-c613-4b32-ba2f-fb90116019c2-0
01:36:29.320 --> 01:36:32.080
There is no fate but what we
make for ourselves.

f3f48cce-59d9-4502-853b-e6003630c6dd-0
01:36:32.640 --> 01:36:35.960
Who truly knows what the future
of the automobile will be?

11e3d537-6ebb-4bbd-bf3f-315c24732ae6-0
01:36:36.280 --> 01:36:39.557
Will the funding for critical
infrastructure improvements be

11e3d537-6ebb-4bbd-bf3f-315c24732ae6-1
01:36:39.557 --> 01:36:39.880
found?

9414f463-a624-4b3c-bc3f-6a6fe8e4d3c5-0
01:36:40.400 --> 01:36:43.320
Will truly autonomous vehicles
become common?

d4c9e09f-285a-48df-9b9c-913769180166-0
01:36:43.520 --> 01:36:47.210
Or will humanity choose not to
surrender this last bit of

d4c9e09f-285a-48df-9b9c-913769180166-1
01:36:47.210 --> 01:36:47.720
freedom?

57774fb8-dc29-4a08-b1c4-f24a443fcabd-0
01:36:48.480 --> 01:36:52.772
Till then, all we can do is keep
thumbing through our hot rod

57774fb8-dc29-4a08-b1c4-f24a443fcabd-1
01:36:52.772 --> 01:36:57.064
magazines, go to local or yearly
international auto shows and

57774fb8-dc29-4a08-b1c4-f24a443fcabd-2
01:36:57.064 --> 01:36:57.480
dream.

dde2dfcd-9acc-43a6-b330-c60fbf1b024c-0
01:36:58.240 --> 01:37:01.466
Now we're going to view a final
video that again, I was

dde2dfcd-9acc-43a6-b330-c60fbf1b024c-1
01:37:01.466 --> 01:37:04.520
graciously given permission by
Mercedes-Benz to use.

ea10a2da-ef8c-4198-9bfc-9acfa0438d55-0
01:37:04.520 --> 01:37:11.301
It's been Maria, it's been
Functions and fake laden on the

ea10a2da-ef8c-4198-9bfc-9acfa0438d55-1
01:37:11.301 --> 01:37:13.600
Arbiter Drive pilot.

db3d4d2c-4457-4d9f-8b7f-083ed22fc56d-0
01:37:18.360 --> 01:37:22.826
It's in Viklong's Minecraft in
Philadelphia first Andy that's

db3d4d2c-4457-4d9f-8b7f-083ed22fc56d-1
01:37:22.826 --> 01:37:27.437
the drive pilot Philo unterchied
decision Zika of the the drive

db3d4d2c-4457-4d9f-8b7f-083ed22fc56d-2
01:37:27.437 --> 01:37:31.687
pilot Khan evaded Suzetti in
Tustin Amlenkraut activity at

db3d4d2c-4457-4d9f-8b7f-083ed22fc56d-3
01:37:31.687 --> 01:37:32.120
Verdo.

f413dfa0-e0bb-45d8-ae8f-d30fa9028640-0
01:37:33.040 --> 01:37:37.020
These are Tustin Lois meets 2
keys the size the system is

f413dfa0-e0bb-45d8-ae8f-d30fa9028640-1
01:37:37.020 --> 01:37:41.206
active on it can as fara my
nahender from Lenkraut back name

f413dfa0-e0bb-45d8-ae8f-d30fa9028640-2
01:37:41.206 --> 01:37:45.530
of the Agnaten Autobahn Apsnaten
owned by whom for cares Ofcom

f413dfa0-e0bb-45d8-ae8f-d30fa9028640-3
01:37:45.530 --> 01:37:49.922
with some bashful iron stall or
the stocking them fakia can the

f413dfa0-e0bb-45d8-ae8f-d30fa9028640-4
01:37:49.922 --> 01:37:54.040
drive pilot bestowing exactly
focus ribbon and zesty tamhar

f413dfa0-e0bb-45d8-ae8f-d30fa9028640-5
01:37:54.040 --> 01:37:58.226
defer of Cabo ubanima yedok
mosis IMA ubanaum obarite plibee

f413dfa0-e0bb-45d8-ae8f-d30fa9028640-6
01:37:58.226 --> 01:38:01.040
pass the system with that to all
for it.

0fb4f07c-1163-4892-804c-fd940761e35f-0
01:38:01.880 --> 01:38:06.059
When the drive pilot active is
regaled as a standard dickish

0fb4f07c-1163-4892-804c-fd940761e35f-1
01:38:06.059 --> 01:38:10.308
windy sky and then upstand some
Pharaohs found in Patzik iron

0fb4f07c-1163-4892-804c-fd940761e35f-2
01:38:10.308 --> 01:38:14.282
and held as fatso exuberant in
the sport, the drive Pilot

0fb4f07c-1163-4892-804c-fd940761e35f-3
01:38:14.282 --> 01:38:17.982
bought of the zone thus far
assistance packets on the

0fb4f07c-1163-4892-804c-fd940761e35f-4
01:38:17.982 --> 01:38:22.093
drifunded the secret camera of
so that's lead to the stereo

0fb4f07c-1163-4892-804c-fd940761e35f-5
01:38:22.093 --> 01:38:25.039
camera on Dinradarn IST EIN
laser scanner.

2b55f14e-c08e-4c6b-9747-fd474c1053ed-0
01:38:25.280 --> 01:38:29.397
The Zorganante leader of about
the leader missed Optus

2b55f14e-c08e-4c6b-9747-fd474c1053ed-1
01:38:29.397 --> 01:38:33.964
rushwindiskite on upstander to
Bashbir to the frost found in

2b55f14e-c08e-4c6b-9747-fd474c1053ed-2
01:38:33.964 --> 01:38:38.531
Fatsuk here for Biotis EINA
antenna for the differential GPS

2b55f14e-c08e-4c6b-9747-fd474c1053ed-3
01:38:38.531 --> 01:38:43.398
McAfee fund differential GPS on
anahoc canal Hadi Qatar vice the

2b55f14e-c08e-4c6b-9747-fd474c1053ed-4
01:38:43.398 --> 01:38:45.120
drive pilot centimeter.

532d2511-5316-45b6-bcf2-b49e4e3d1879-0
01:38:45.120 --> 01:38:48.200
The now volumes in the vapor
Finton to that liberty.

0dc0d29e-f1e9-494d-ac11-b4d99651dd32-0
01:38:48.200 --> 01:38:53.372
The drive pilot of the Hadi
Qatar of informacionen Uber de

0dc0d29e-f1e9-494d-ac11-b4d99651dd32-1
01:38:53.372 --> 01:38:58.457
strassen give me 3 orders of
agnus zohan Wilson biosphere

0dc0d29e-f1e9-494d-ac11-b4d99651dd32-2
01:38:58.457 --> 01:39:01.000
phones like his English poor.

2b7e2b9f-f186-4a1b-bca0-1fc4f0853bc5-0
01:39:01.000 --> 01:39:06.385
I rocked the drive pilot unfair
to the synthesis in a hyper when

2b7e2b9f-f186-4a1b-bca0-1fc4f0853bc5-1
01:39:06.385 --> 01:39:11.025
the drive pilot I can't design
Andres Fatsuk in ancient

2b7e2b9f-f186-4a1b-bca0-1fc4f0853bc5-2
01:39:11.025 --> 01:39:15.748
moisture can the pilot of Zeb
standing Fatsuka So to the

2b7e2b9f-f186-4a1b-bca0-1fc4f0853bc5-3
01:39:15.748 --> 01:39:20.554
Einschiarer and Rashpur video
for Larson bought the drive

2b7e2b9f-f186-4a1b-bca0-1fc4f0853bc5-4
01:39:20.554 --> 01:39:24.200
pilot and passed an upstand to
Faros Parov.

a224bd32-3dbe-4f13-9d8b-0dd0485edb6c-0
01:39:26.560 --> 01:39:32.536
So that's in the heck Shaver is
any multipurpose camera of about

a224bd32-3dbe-4f13-9d8b-0dd0485edb6c-1
01:39:32.536 --> 01:39:38.328
dinner hinting Suzanne with the
microphone in the in and round

a224bd32-3dbe-4f13-9d8b-0dd0485edb6c-2
01:39:38.328 --> 01:39:39.800
the drive pilot.

9777041c-7698-4b25-9311-a826bb48ee13-0
01:39:39.840 --> 01:39:48.828
I can't design that's part of
the drive Violet is I'm Einstein

9777041c-7698-4b25-9311-a826bb48ee13-1
01:39:48.828 --> 01:39:57.960
for the so-called automaticia to
farm on the smart reason fast.

b132e773-7e2f-421c-bc76-9770b8dcb1f4-0
01:39:57.960 --> 01:40:07.826
I entirely is a much of Suzanne
now flying Lewis and Monsozou

b132e773-7e2f-421c-bc76-9770b8dcb1f4-1
01:40:07.826 --> 01:40:17.851
from these are encode on Suzette
and on done I'm boxed in this

b132e773-7e2f-421c-bc76-9770b8dcb1f4-2
01:40:17.851 --> 01:40:19.920
narrow angle.

cfe1ff12-1bc8-4cd8-a3cb-167c03105958-0
01:40:21.120 --> 01:40:25.545
Other image of the Earth, dubbed
Pale Blue dot, is part of the

cfe1ff12-1bc8-4cd8-a3cb-167c03105958-1
01:40:25.545 --> 01:40:29.760
first ever portrait of the solar
system taken by Voyager 1.

3d4f2276-4e68-47f9-a8dc-182a558c320c-0
01:40:30.400 --> 01:40:34.931
The spacecraft acquired a total
of 60 frames for a mosaic of the

3d4f2276-4e68-47f9-a8dc-182a558c320c-1
01:40:34.931 --> 01:40:39.323
solar system from a distance of
more than 4 billion miles from

3d4f2276-4e68-47f9-a8dc-182a558c320c-2
01:40:39.323 --> 01:40:43.436
Earth and about 32° above the
eclectic from Voyagers great

3d4f2276-4e68-47f9-a8dc-182a558c320c-3
01:40:43.436 --> 01:40:45.040
distance of from Earth.

8360e24f-e363-427b-a524-8cf62db0cc8d-0
01:40:45.320 --> 01:40:48.904
Earth is a mere point of light
less than the size of a picture

8360e24f-e363-427b-a524-8cf62db0cc8d-1
01:40:48.904 --> 01:40:49.360
element.

990a96f7-3774-4daf-9be2-d4dabffdf4fb-0
01:40:49.680 --> 01:40:55.270
Even in the narrow, narrow angle
camera, Earth was a Crescent,

990a96f7-3774-4daf-9be2-d4dabffdf4fb-1
01:40:55.270 --> 01:40:57.400
only 0.12 pixel in size.

f018d68f-a6ec-4546-89c8-2d250a9cc3bf-0
01:40:57.960 --> 01:41:01.675
Coincidentally, Earth lies right
in the center of one of those

f018d68f-a6ec-4546-89c8-2d250a9cc3bf-1
01:41:01.675 --> 01:41:05.391
scattered light rays resulting
from taking the image too close

f018d68f-a6ec-4546-89c8-2d250a9cc3bf-2
01:41:05.391 --> 01:41:06.039
to the sun.

ac15b9e9-fe85-47d6-a78b-4cab096c19f1-0
01:41:06.800 --> 01:41:09.910
I'd like to end today's
presentation with an excerpt

ac15b9e9-fe85-47d6-a78b-4cab096c19f1-1
01:41:09.910 --> 01:41:12.200
from Carl Sagan's book, Pale
Blue dot.

d893642d-ebf3-4bb6-a876-c2fb6d2fa9fd-0
01:41:13.640 --> 01:41:14.960
Look again at that dot.

d122781c-ea6b-439d-883a-fb18e9122afd-0
01:41:15.440 --> 01:41:19.560
That's here, that's home, that's
us on it.

ec722fca-353d-4627-9c54-8f571961bbad-0
01:41:19.560 --> 01:41:23.327
Everyone you love, everyone you
know, everyone you will ever

ec722fca-353d-4627-9c54-8f571961bbad-1
01:41:23.327 --> 01:41:26.909
heard of, every human being,
whoever was, lived out their

ec722fca-353d-4627-9c54-8f571961bbad-2
01:41:26.909 --> 01:41:27.280
lives.

8457643a-3142-4376-8c36-d344875d659d-0
01:41:27.920 --> 01:41:31.320
The Earth is a very small stage
in the vast cosmic arena.

dc3789a3-dfd3-4f92-a13b-6e22b52af4be-0
01:41:32.120 --> 01:41:35.440
The Earth is the only world
known so far to harbor life.

6b136d4b-2212-4759-9b65-3f7d823e91ee-0
01:41:36.040 --> 01:41:40.195
There is nowhere else, at least
in the near future, to which our

6b136d4b-2212-4759-9b65-3f7d823e91ee-1
01:41:40.195 --> 01:41:43.520
species could migrate, visit,
yes, settle, not yet.

18531eb1-9be6-4239-8a26-17cd5bfdc96b-0
01:41:44.200 --> 01:41:47.450
Like it or not, for the moment,
the Earth is where we make our

18531eb1-9be6-4239-8a26-17cd5bfdc96b-1
01:41:47.450 --> 01:41:47.760
stand.

9ae6e1f5-71ed-475a-9e8c-6580bb027782-0
01:41:48.720 --> 01:41:51.895
It has been said that astronomy
is the humbling and character

9ae6e1f5-71ed-475a-9e8c-6580bb027782-1
01:41:51.895 --> 01:41:52.920
building experience.

84b2d7a3-8004-495c-9520-3e94c3401903-0
01:41:53.400 --> 01:41:56.547
There is perhaps no better
demonstration of the folly of

84b2d7a3-8004-495c-9520-3e94c3401903-1
01:41:56.547 --> 01:41:59.640
human conceit and this distant
image of our tiny world.

8d8996c3-daae-4122-8c6b-4355245e18c8-0
01:42:00.080 --> 01:42:03.442
To me, it underscores our
responsibility to deal kindly or

8d8996c3-daae-4122-8c6b-4355245e18c8-1
01:42:03.442 --> 01:42:07.090
with one another and to preserve
and cherish the pale blue dot,

8d8996c3-daae-4122-8c6b-4355245e18c8-2
01:42:07.090 --> 01:42:08.800
the only home we'll ever know.

f7e2087e-c08c-4208-881c-18cb825c839e-0
01:42:09.800 --> 01:42:12.560
Only time will tell if this pale
blue dot remains.

be7ed7fb-2275-43fc-a275-f0cbadf29ba7-0
01:42:15.520 --> 01:42:16.640
Thank you very much.

9b8ced5d-4188-4c95-b0cb-e708bd8617af-0
01:42:17.360 --> 01:42:25.084
Here's my contact information
which has the CCSCES credit code

9b8ced5d-4188-4c95-b0cb-e708bd8617af-1
01:42:25.084 --> 01:42:30.480
and if anyone has any questions,
I am here.

1bc5bfa2-2a6d-481c-81d7-832603e6f341-0
01:42:32.240 --> 01:42:34.120
OK, Matt, a couple of questions
did come in.

14b62b5e-0d80-4a54-8cf4-2a69686f81e0-0
01:42:34.640 --> 01:42:38.024
The first one is when you were
going over the different levels

14b62b5e-0d80-4a54-8cf4-2a69686f81e0-1
01:42:38.024 --> 01:42:41.355
of hybridization, The question
is what would be an example of

14b62b5e-0d80-4a54-8cf4-2a69686f81e0-2
01:42:41.355 --> 01:42:41.999
mild hybrid?

0a27f869-02d3-441c-b09b-181d041ab49e-0
01:42:42.040 --> 01:42:44.480
Will the Toyota Prius be part of
the category?

e838076d-02db-45ff-90a6-83dc6db45856-0
01:42:46.360 --> 01:42:51.852
OK, The thing is with mild
hybrid, I'm not sure on specific

e838076d-02db-45ff-90a6-83dc6db45856-1
01:42:51.852 --> 01:42:56.887
vehicles, but the thing with
mild hybrids is that mild

e838076d-02db-45ff-90a6-83dc6db45856-2
01:42:56.887 --> 01:43:02.289
hybrids do not actually have the
capability to self propel

e838076d-02db-45ff-90a6-83dc6db45856-3
01:43:02.289 --> 01:43:04.119
completely electric.

97ad1644-82ee-4b2f-89a0-692e09e945d4-0
01:43:05.000 --> 01:43:09.675
Mild hybrids have an electric
engine and they will propel the

97ad1644-82ee-4b2f-89a0-692e09e945d4-1
01:43:09.675 --> 01:43:14.200
vehicle in conjunction with the
internal combustion engine.

91337edb-a554-4f3a-9c35-dc61acdde049-0
01:43:14.560 --> 01:43:19.541
But unlike a pure electric, they
don't propel the vehicle by

91337edb-a554-4f3a-9c35-dc61acdde049-1
01:43:19.541 --> 01:43:20.440
themselves.

10d53c43-f241-4b02-a974-0c2067cf2c23-0
01:43:22.120 --> 01:43:26.732
And for that reason, when you're
talking about hybrids, you only,

10d53c43-f241-4b02-a974-0c2067cf2c23-1
01:43:26.732 --> 01:43:30.366
we're only talking about
vehicles that actually are

10d53c43-f241-4b02-a974-0c2067cf2c23-2
01:43:30.366 --> 01:43:34.280
capable of propelling the
vehicle one way or the other.

41e15208-7408-40d0-bd5f-a73b73465cfc-0
01:43:35.960 --> 01:43:40.598
I believe that that had been a
consideration when they were

41e15208-7408-40d0-bd5f-a73b73465cfc-1
01:43:40.598 --> 01:43:45.160
originally coming up with the 87
O3 breakouts for hybrids.

db12db32-77ce-4489-872c-bcfc3a1522fc-0
01:43:46.080 --> 01:43:52.066
I'm not sure if they actually
went in that direction, although

db12db32-77ce-4489-872c-bcfc3a1522fc-1
01:43:52.066 --> 01:43:57.387
I do know that if a vehicle is
not capable of 100% self

db12db32-77ce-4489-872c-bcfc3a1522fc-2
01:43:57.387 --> 01:44:03.374
propulsion then it it you you
actually classify the vehicle by

db12db32-77ce-4489-872c-bcfc3a1522fc-3
01:44:03.374 --> 01:44:06.320
the size of the electric motor?

fe37471d-3dc4-4e1b-a193-8126f7a1d30a-0
01:44:08.600 --> 01:44:10.760
I'm sorry, by the size of the
gas motor?

0e119ffd-15a6-4f09-9d6c-d2e63c43981d-0
01:44:12.760 --> 01:44:19.574
OK and then this is a semi
rhetorical tangential non

0e119ffd-15a6-4f09-9d6c-d2e63c43981d-1
01:44:19.574 --> 01:44:21.760
binding question.

e37ac916-ab9d-4964-b6a0-f166dfa22f64-0
01:44:22.160 --> 01:44:25.722
Do you think a greener path
could be encouraged by changing

e37ac916-ab9d-4964-b6a0-f166dfa22f64-1
01:44:25.722 --> 01:44:27.920
all of subheading 8712 to duty
free?

21d53a7e-a842-46a9-8f2f-c0d8f438b730-0
01:44:31.480 --> 01:44:32.840
8712 electric?

e87d2e40-d950-4646-83b9-b288955a1e2c-0
01:44:32.960 --> 01:44:34.880
OK, so you're talking about
motorcycles.

950baac3-d4b9-4723-a181-7e32fbb4f428-0
01:44:34.880 --> 01:44:42.400
OK 8712 is for the most part 87.

94fef35f-9098-4406-bf3f-037831944b2d-0
01:44:42.440 --> 01:44:46.400
Well 87128712 is bicycles.

970fe644-636c-4039-bb6f-bea653d2c486-0
01:44:46.880 --> 01:44:49.320
8711 is motorcycles.

eecc5c80-6732-46ac-ba6b-9e520d5b1f3f-0
01:44:50.600 --> 01:44:55.000
So there wouldn't be any
propelled vehicles.

3ada6deb-b69d-4543-a065-1b0742eb8322-0
01:44:55.480 --> 01:44:59.920
Oh you're talking about duty
free for regular bicycles?

3a8103e8-5028-4b72-a010-e23ea19e7e2c-0
01:45:02.960 --> 01:45:07.760
I'm not exactly sure why there
is a electric like where

3a8103e8-5028-4b72-a010-e23ea19e7e2c-1
01:45:07.760 --> 01:45:13.417
motorcycles are duty free unless
they reach a certain size of the

3a8103e8-5028-4b72-a010-e23ea19e7e2c-2
01:45:13.417 --> 01:45:17.960
motor and bicycles are either I
believe 5.5% or 11%.

a76543c6-8064-4636-9a85-0fedbbe37a69-0
01:45:17.960 --> 01:45:23.428
I don't actually handle
bicycles, just parts, but it

a76543c6-8064-4636-9a85-0fedbbe37a69-1
01:45:23.428 --> 01:45:27.040
probably would in just my
opinion.

6b03c817-82c7-4d13-a777-cf02447ba11a-0
01:45:27.480 --> 01:45:35.060
Non binding it would probably,
at least for importers, there'd

6b03c817-82c7-4d13-a777-cf02447ba11a-1
01:45:35.060 --> 01:45:42.038
probably be more of a push to
bring to have people biking

6b03c817-82c7-4d13-a777-cf02447ba11a-2
01:45:42.038 --> 01:45:42.640
more.

beee3ddf-dcd1-4286-a75c-46c08dd39b61-0
01:45:43.000 --> 01:45:48.252
Although as I did mention in the
presentation, there's a lot of

beee3ddf-dcd1-4286-a75c-46c08dd39b61-1
01:45:48.252 --> 01:45:52.520
infrastructure that needs to be
taken into account.

38e21359-cc64-460d-b96d-8278ef4c70b4-0
01:45:52.520 --> 01:45:58.532
I mean, I know here in New York
we're starting to put in bicycle

38e21359-cc64-460d-b96d-8278ef4c70b4-1
01:45:58.532 --> 01:46:01.400
lanes, dedicated bicycle lanes.

8b24c667-efdd-4c07-b903-d34ba317e9dd-0
01:46:02.520 --> 01:46:03.600
That's important.

22643342-a562-4c2d-acdc-04db79323fe2-0
01:46:05.120 --> 01:46:11.640
There are some things like in
Japan, bicycling and pedestrian,

22643342-a562-4c2d-acdc-04db79323fe2-1
01:46:11.640 --> 01:46:17.540
you know, walking are very
popular because you're really

22643342-a562-4c2d-acdc-04db79323fe2-2
01:46:17.540 --> 01:46:21.680
never too far away from public
transit.

e63e6f24-02ad-43ca-8039-768af8698e0f-0
01:46:22.080 --> 01:46:26.068
Where in, at least here in New
York, you may have to walk a

e63e6f24-02ad-43ca-8039-768af8698e0f-1
01:46:26.068 --> 01:46:30.189
little bit of a distance to get
to the, you know, the nearest

e63e6f24-02ad-43ca-8039-768af8698e0f-2
01:46:30.189 --> 01:46:31.120
train station.

afad39e6-d046-4568-8031-481593c7fdc9-0
01:46:32.600 --> 01:46:37.304
Bicycling in Manhattan is
perilous, even though there are

afad39e6-d046-4568-8031-481593c7fdc9-1
01:46:37.304 --> 01:46:38.440
bicycle lanes.

0bfa607e-63bf-4fe9-bfb8-d57a32a8d1a9-0
01:46:40.760 --> 01:46:46.718
So I mean, there, at least in
the United States, I think that

0bfa607e-63bf-4fe9-bfb8-d57a32a8d1a9-1
01:46:46.718 --> 01:46:52.773
we would need to really look at
changing our entire mindset of

0bfa607e-63bf-4fe9-bfb8-d57a32a8d1a9-2
01:46:52.773 --> 01:46:58.252
like how bicycles are used and
pedestrian use, well, not

0bfa607e-63bf-4fe9-bfb8-d57a32a8d1a9-3
01:46:58.252 --> 01:47:01.520
pedestrian use, but just
walking.

86f29f26-603e-40dc-99dc-0ff915e3e3ad-0
01:47:02.160 --> 01:47:06.440
We would need to really just
spruce up everything.

40bd8a40-3951-4128-92f6-9521506e01bc-0
01:47:06.800 --> 01:47:16.363
More bicycle lanes open up more
or public transit entrances, you

40bd8a40-3951-4128-92f6-9521506e01bc-1
01:47:16.363 --> 01:47:19.600
know, stuff like that.

dc771e38-d5e3-41f0-8cb5-251b34f877f6-0
01:47:20.200 --> 01:47:23.680
New York is started with the
city bike program.

7d1d2105-2b52-4d08-8465-2af9f9188c1a-0
01:47:24.040 --> 01:47:30.244
I believe Uber and Lyft both
have have bicycle and even E

7d1d2105-2b52-4d08-8465-2af9f9188c1a-1
01:47:30.244 --> 01:47:33.560
bike share ride share programs.

2520a9b3-bbed-413b-80fe-b4ec13d1959f-0
01:47:33.960 --> 01:47:39.815
So I mean I I have seen there
has been an increase in the

2520a9b3-bbed-413b-80fe-b4ec13d1959f-1
01:47:39.815 --> 01:47:42.440
bicycle arena or movement.

befd03be-5316-470c-ad88-70fc838010ca-0
01:47:46.880 --> 01:47:47.320
OK.

aeeb43c6-a83c-442b-8892-b597e176c1f0-0
01:47:48.320 --> 01:47:55.074
And another question for EV, is
EPA filing required for

aeeb43c6-a83c-442b-8892-b597e176c1f0-1
01:47:55.074 --> 01:47:56.160
electric?

7da56492-13e9-4a1f-b9cb-c4060ece36c5-0
01:47:56.160 --> 01:48:02.997
Well, I believe that there are
still EPEPA requirements for the

7da56492-13e9-4a1f-b9cb-c4060ece36c5-1
01:48:02.997 --> 01:48:04.600
electric motor.

8806e48f-7f17-473a-8bd5-59e8ee7c145f-0
01:48:06.120 --> 01:48:12.822
I and I, I don't really deal
with the entry portion, but I, I

8806e48f-7f17-473a-8bd5-59e8ee7c145f-1
01:48:12.822 --> 01:48:19.092
don't believe that on the
current 3521-1, I don't believe

8806e48f-7f17-473a-8bd5-59e8ee7c145f-2
01:48:19.092 --> 01:48:23.200
there's actually a spot for
electric.

57482628-51f6-4b09-84ac-f7795baedbb2-0
01:48:24.600 --> 01:48:28.458
You know, if, if this is an
importer, I would suggest

57482628-51f6-4b09-84ac-f7795baedbb2-1
01:48:28.458 --> 01:48:33.102
reaching out to your local port
and finding out because I'm, I'm

57482628-51f6-4b09-84ac-f7795baedbb2-2
01:48:33.102 --> 01:48:33.960
not certain.

7177b04d-e035-468a-ac24-b02c43b29610-0
01:48:33.960 --> 01:48:38.463
I know that on most hybrids that
have, you know, internal

7177b04d-e035-468a-ac24-b02c43b29610-1
01:48:38.463 --> 01:48:43.044
combustion engines, obviously
they need to go through epai

7177b04d-e035-468a-ac24-b02c43b29610-2
01:48:43.044 --> 01:48:48.169
don't know whether or not a pure
electric like a Nissan Leaf or a

7177b04d-e035-468a-ac24-b02c43b29610-3
01:48:48.169 --> 01:48:52.983
Tesla would need to go through
EPA, then there may be just an

7177b04d-e035-468a-ac24-b02c43b29610-4
01:48:52.983 --> 01:48:53.760
exemption.

411b38d1-b377-407e-8fb3-6e3d425285fb-0
01:48:56.800 --> 01:48:58.040
OK, great.

666ad09b-60b0-4a01-bb10-3c8473e974d2-0
01:48:58.360 --> 01:49:00.960
And that's all the time, all the
questions we have time for.

daf334da-b4db-496a-ab48-35db9a5b1e3d-0
01:49:05.800 --> 01:49:09.920
Well, I'm, I'm very happy that
you guys were were entertained.

3401db06-2d76-4616-a1fc-d59d53ac40a8-0
01:49:10.400 --> 01:49:12.040
I hope you found it informative.

e59f2599-be30-4989-871f-3a69b4c05784-0
01:49:13.680 --> 01:49:17.802
Like I said, I, I really
appreciate the customs librarian

e59f2599-be30-4989-871f-3a69b4c05784-1
01:49:17.802 --> 01:49:22.139
Carl, for, you know, jumping in
almost at the last moment to

e59f2599-be30-4989-871f-3a69b4c05784-2
01:49:22.139 --> 01:49:25.480
kind of help me with the
electric motor issue.

afacdf09-93d4-4609-a66b-91c7f5434a0c-0
01:49:25.480 --> 01:49:30.170
Because even though this, as he
said, this is not on electric

afacdf09-93d4-4609-a66b-91c7f5434a0c-1
01:49:30.170 --> 01:49:34.709
motors and the exemptions at
when I when we were working on

afacdf09-93d4-4609-a66b-91c7f5434a0c-2
01:49:34.709 --> 01:49:39.550
this presentation was still in
effect and they may go back into

afacdf09-93d4-4609-a66b-91c7f5434a0c-3
01:49:39.550 --> 01:49:40.080
effect.

85afbc92-6c6e-4b58-86c5-dea21edfefd6-0
01:49:40.080 --> 01:49:40.920
The exemptions.

4ebb4dd7-60c4-445e-a8d0-b6bcb60f0f49-0
01:49:41.560 --> 01:49:46.593
There were a lot of questions
about how CVP classifieds,

4ebb4dd7-60c4-445e-a8d0-b6bcb60f0f49-1
01:49:46.593 --> 01:49:51.892
because everyone keeps talking
about nominal power, nominal

4ebb4dd7-60c4-445e-a8d0-b6bcb60f0f49-2
01:49:51.892 --> 01:49:55.160
power and it's it's not it was
peak.

449e3795-22b9-4d61-beda-350e9982e490-0
01:49:55.640 --> 01:49:58.080
So I thought it was important
that, you know, call jumped in.

6ea27388-a755-47eb-a72f-a95b484ed6ba-0
01:49:58.480 --> 01:50:00.440
So I really hope you guys
enjoyed it.

5ce2d14e-d862-45b8-80cb-9f230b707940-0
01:50:02.240 --> 01:50:05.772
And if you have any other
questions, you know you can

5ce2d14e-d862-45b8-80cb-9f230b707940-1
01:50:05.772 --> 01:50:07.800
always write in for the ruling.

ce938d48-f934-4449-8603-bc7ac2faf62b-0
01:50:09.480 --> 01:50:11.831
If you're an info specialist,
you'd be happy to send the

ce938d48-f934-4449-8603-bc7ac2faf62b-1
01:50:11.831 --> 01:50:12.120
quicks.

847f7daf-cc4d-4c81-9d76-9ca5da622ba3-0
01:50:13.520 --> 01:50:15.680
Other than that, thank you and
have a nice day.

b582318e-c1b3-4353-aac1-abf9b18bd62e-0
01:50:21.770 --> 01:50:24.210
This concludes our webinar for
this afternoon.

7c4b2181-7c44-4a16-bf61-893cc2e8b8e4-0
01:50:24.610 --> 01:50:28.266
This is a reminder that this
webinar will be posted to the

7c4b2181-7c44-4a16-bf61-893cc2e8b8e4-1
01:50:28.266 --> 01:50:29.010
CVP website.

d0b22704-63da-4e4e-a9ea-7c0bdbaed16b-0
01:50:29.650 --> 01:50:32.330
Thank you for joining us and
enjoy the rest of your day.